双语资料:第73届联合国大会中方立场文件(五)
发布时间:2018年09月11日
发布人:nanyuzi  

九、军控、裁军和防扩散问题

IX. Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation

 

(一)秘书长裁军议程

1. Secretary-General’s Disarmament Agenda

 

当前,国际安全形势正经历复杂深刻演变,多边军控和裁军进程面临挑战。在此背景下,联合国秘书长古特雷斯发布裁军议程,提出多项具体倡议和举措,将为国际裁军进程注入新动能。中方对此积极评价,将继续支持联合国在国际安全和裁军领域发挥引领作用。

Currently, with global security undergoing profound and complex changes, the multilateral arms control and disarmament process is faced with challenges. Under such circumstances, Secretary-General Antonio Guterres released a new agenda for disarmament, in which he proposed many specific initiatives and measures. This will inject new impetus into the international disarmament process. China highly commends this effort and will continue to support the leading role of the UN in global security and disarmament.

 

中方赞赏秘书长将科技发展对国际安全与军控的影响纳入裁军议程,这有助于推动国际社会进行讨论,并开展预防性外交,避免走先发展后裁军的老路。中方愿同联合国及各方加强沟通与合作,推动多边军控和裁军进程,维护全球战略平衡与稳定,为建设持久和平、普遍安全的世界作出贡献。

China appreciates the Secretary-General’s inclusion of the impact of scientific and technological development on global security and arms control in the disarmament agenda, which encourages the international community to engage in discussions and carry out preventative diplomacy to avoid the outdated path of “development first, disarmament later”. China is ready to work with the UN and relevant parties to strengthen communication and cooperation, promote multilateral arms control and disarmament, safeguard global strategic balance and stability and contribute to a world of lasting peace and universal security.

 

(二)核问题

2. Nuclear Issues

 

中国一贯主张最终全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器,始终坚持自卫防御的核战略,采取高度稳定的核政策,恪守不首先使用、不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器等承诺,始终将核力量维持在国家安全需要的最低水平。

China has consistently advocated the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. China is firmly committed to a nuclear strategy based on self-defense and adopts a highly stable nuclear policy. China has upheld its commitment that it would not be the first to use nuclear weapons and that it would refrain from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free zones. China has always maintained its nuclear capabilities at the minimum level required for national security.

 

中方主张以实现普遍安全为根本目标,维护日内瓦裁军谈判会议等现有多边裁军机制的权威性和有效性,坚持平衡推进和协商一致原则,并确保各国的平等、广泛参与。中方支持国际社会推动降低核武器戒备状态的努力,反对研发低当量核武器等可能降低核武器使用门槛的消极举措,愿同各方一道努力,减少核战争风险,维护全球战略平衡与稳定。

China advocates universal security as the ultimate goal, upholds the authority and effectiveness of the existing multilateral mechanisms including the Geneva Conference on Disarmament (CD), and follows the principle of balanced progress and consensus so as to ensure equal and broad participation of the international community. China supports the efforts of the international community to reduce the operational status of nuclear weapons, opposes research and development of low-yield nuclear weapons and other negative measures that may lower the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons. China is willing to work with all parties to reduce the risk of a nuclear war and maintain global strategic balance and stability.

 

《不扩散核武器条约》是战后国际安全体系的重要组成部分,是国际核不扩散与核裁军体系的基石,对维护世界和平与安全发挥了重要作用。国际社会应全面、平衡推进条约核裁军、核不扩散与和平利用核能三大支柱,维护和加强条约权威性、普遍性和有效性,反对双重标准和实用主义。尚未加入条约的国家应尽快以无核武器国家身份加入。

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is part and parcel of the post-war international security system, and the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and nuclear disarmament system. It plays a significant role in maintaining world peace and security. The international community should promote the three pillars of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful use of nuclear energy in a comprehensive and balanced manner, maintain and strengthen the authority, universality and effectiveness of the treaty and oppose double standards and pragmatism. Countries that are not yet signatories to the treaty should join as non-nuclear-weapon states at an early date.

 

中方是最早签署《全面禁止核试验条约》的国家之一,一贯支持条约的宗旨和目标,恪守暂停核试验的承诺。条约是核裁军进程的重要步骤,各国应加大对条约的政治与财政支持。近年,中方境内5个禁核试监测台站批量通过核证验收,体现了中方支持条约的坚定态度。

As one of the first countries to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), China has always supported the purposes and goals of the CTBT, and honored its commitment of suspending nuclear tests. The CTBT is an important step in the nuclear disarmament process. All countries should enhance their political and financial support for the treaty. In recent years, five CTBT monitoring stations in China have been ratified in a bunch, which demonstrates China's firm support for the CTBT.

 

裁谈会是谈判禁产条约的唯一适当场所,中方支持裁谈会协商一致达成全面、平衡的工作计划,以便据此开展实质性工作,包括根据香农报告(CD/1299)及其所载授权,谈判一项非歧视的、多边的、可国际有效核查的禁产条约

China firmly supports the CD as the only appropriate venue for negotiating the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT). China supports the CD in reaching agreement on a comprehensive and balanced program of work as a basis to start considering substantive issues, including the negotiation of a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable FMCT in accordance with the Shannon Report (CD/1299) and the mandate specified in it.

 

中方一贯尊重和支持有关国家根据本地区实际情况,在自行协商、自愿协议的基础上建立无核武器区或无大规模杀伤性武器区的努力,已签署并批准所有开放签署的无核武器区条约议定书。

China always respects and supports the efforts of relevant countries to establish nuclear-weapon-free or WMD-free zones in light of the actual conditions of their regions and on the basis of consultations among themselves and voluntary agreements. China has signed and ratified all non-nuclear weapon protocols open for signature.

 

中国一贯高度重视核安全问题,已将核安全纳入国家总体安全体系。习近平主席在2014年荷兰核安全峰会上首次提出理性、协调、并进的核安全观,在2016年华盛顿峰会上倡导构建公平、合作、共赢的国际核安全体系。中方将继续致力于提升本国核安全水平,推进国际合作,支持国际原子能机构发挥核心协调作用,共同为加强全球核安全、有效应对核恐怖主义威胁作出贡献。

China attaches high importance to the issue of nuclear security and has incorporated nuclear security into its overall national security system. At the Nuclear Security Summit held in 2014 in the Netherlands, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed a sensible, coordinated and balanced approach to nuclear security for the first time and at the 2016 Washington Summit, he advocated the building of an international nuclear security system featuring fairness and win-win cooperation. China will make continued efforts to elevate its national nuclear security level and promote international cooperation, support the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in playing a key coordination role, and work with other parties to enhance global nuclear security and effectively respond to the threats of nuclear terrorism.

 

核能的开发利用必须以安全为前提。中方支持国际社会采取切实措施加强核能安全,积极推进相关国际合作,促进核能事业安全、健康、可持续发展。

Safety should come first in the use of nuclear energy. China supports the international community in taking concrete measures to reinforce nuclear safety and actively advancing relevant international cooperation to promote safe, sound and sustainable development of nuclear energy.

 

(三)生化武器问题

3. Chemical and Biological Weapons

 

中方支持不断增强《禁止化学武器公约》和《禁止生物武器公约》的有效性、权威性和普遍性。中方对有关化武拥有国和遗弃国未能按《禁止化学武器公约》规定的时限完成化武销毁表示遗憾,敦促有关国家根据缔约国大会和执理会有关决议要求,加大投入,在有关决定和销毁计划确定的时限内尽早完成销毁;禁化武组织应对包括遗弃化武在内的销毁进程进行有效监督。中方支持禁化武组织严格按照公约规定,在调查处理指称使用化武事件方面发挥应有作用;呼吁通过对话弥合分歧,合作应对化武使用构成的威胁。中方愿与《禁止化学武器公约》缔约国共同推动公约第四次审议大会取得积极成果。中方愿本着开放、务实的精神,与《禁止生物武器公约》缔约国共同推动今年缔约国会取得积极成果,继续推动公约在消除生物武器威胁、防止生物武器扩散、促进生物科技和平利用等方面发挥重要作用。

China supports continued efforts to strengthen the effectiveness, authority and universality of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). China finds it regrettable that relevant states that possess chemical weapons and those that abandoned such weapons on the territories of other State Parties failed to complete the destruction process before the scheduled deadline of the CWC. China urges such countries to comply with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the State Parties and the Executive Council and redouble efforts to complete the destruction according to the timetables set in the relevant decisions and destruction plans. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons should effectively supervise all destruction processes, including those of abandoned chemical weapons. China supports the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in playing its due role in investigating and handling the alleged use of chemical weapons in strict accordance with the Convention. China calls for bridging differences through dialogue and responding to the threats posed by the use of chemical weapons through cooperation. China is ready to work with other State Parties to the BWC to jointly push for positive outcomes at the Fourth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention and in an open and pragmatic spirit, jointly push for positive outcomes at this year’s Conference of State Parties to the BWC. China will continue to uphold the important role of the BWC in such areas as removing the threat and preventing the proliferation of biological weapons and promoting the peaceful use of bacteriological (biological) science and technology.

 

(四)防扩散问题

4. Non-Proliferation

 

中方坚决反对大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散。为实现防扩散目标,各国应致力于营造互信、合作的国际和地区安全环境,消除大规模杀伤性武器扩散的动因;坚持通过政治外交手段解决防扩散问题;切实维护和加强国际防扩散机制;平衡处理防扩散与和平利用科学技术的关系,摒弃双重标准。中方愿同有关各方加强交流合作,共同推动国际防扩散进程。

China is firmly opposed to the proliferation of WMDs and their means of delivery. To achieve the goal of non-proliferation, all countries should work for a global and regional security environment of mutual trust and cooperation to reduce the incentive for WMD proliferation; resolve proliferation issues through political and diplomatic means; earnestly uphold and strengthen the international non-proliferation regime; and handle the relationship between non-proliferation and peaceful use in a balanced way and abandon double standards. China will step up exchanges and cooperation with all parties to move forward the international non-proliferation process.

 

(五)外空安全问题

5. Security in Outer Space

 

中国政府一贯主张和平利用外空,反对外空武器化和外空军备竞赛。中国与俄罗斯于2008年共同向裁谈会提交了“防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约草案,于2014年6月提交了更新案文,2015年9月向裁谈会提交工作文件,对一些国家提出的问题作出反馈。中方呼吁裁谈会尽早以中俄草案为基础谈判达成多边外空军控条约,切实维护外空和平与安全。

The Chinese government stands for the peaceful use of outer space and opposes weaponization and arms race in outer space. China and Russia submitted a draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects to the CD in 2008 and an updated draft in June 2014. China and Russia submitted a working paper in September 2015 in response to the questions raised by some countries. China calls on the CD to conclude a multilateral treaty on space arms control based on the draft proposed by China and Russia as early as possible, so as to effectively uphold peace and security in outer space.

 

在中国与俄罗斯倡议下,联合国今年成立“防止外空军备竞赛政府专家组,围绕防止外空武器化国际法律文书要素进行审议并提出建议。为给政府专家组开展工作预作准备,中方与俄罗斯、联合国裁军办于7月在北京共同举办了防止外空军备竞赛问题国际研讨会。在8月举办的“防止外空军备竞赛政府专家组一期会上,中方与其他政府专家围绕授权,就防止外空武器化国际法律文书要素进行了广泛深入讨论。中方期待在政府专家组后续进程中,继续与各方深入探讨,共同为明年协商一致达成政府专家组报告作出贡献。

At the initiative of China and Russia, the UN established a Group of Government Experts (GGE) on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space this year, to deliberate and make recommendations on the elements of an international legal instrument regarding the prevention of weaponization in outer space. To lay the ground for the work of the GGE, in July, China, Russia and the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs co-hosted an international seminar in Beijing on the prevention of an arms race in outer space. On the first plenum of the GGE held in August, experts from China and other countries, in accordance with their mandate, had extensive and in-depth discussions on the elements of an international legal instrument regarding the prevention of weaponization in outer space. In the follow-up work of the GGE, China looks forward to continuing in-depth discussions with all parties and making joint contributions to the formulation of a GGE report by consensus next year.

 

中方赞赏联合国探索及和平利用外空会议50周年(UNISPACE+50)纪念活动取得成功,支持联大通过有关成果文件,呼吁在和平利用外空领域加强国际合作,以实现命运共同体愿景,为全人类谋福利与利益

China commends the success of UNISPACE+50 commemorations, supports the adoption of relevant outcome documents by the General Assembly, which calls for stronger international cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space with a view to realizing a community with a shared future and advancing the well-being and interests of all mankind.

 

十、人权问题

X. Human Rights

 

实现人民充分享有人权是人类社会的共同奋斗目标。人权事业作为一国经济社会发展重要组成部分,必须根据本国国情和人民需求加以推进。世界上没有放之四海皆准的发展道路和人权模式,各国有权根据实际情况做出自己的选择,外界应予充分尊重。

It is the common goal of mankind to enjoy human rights in the full sense of the term. As an important part of the economic and social development of a country, the human rights endeavor should be advanced in light of the country’s national conditions and the need of its people. There is no one-size-fits-all model for development and human rights. Based on its own reality, each country has the right to make its choice, which should be respected by the outside world.

 

今年是联合国《世界人权宣言》通过70周年和《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》通过25周年。国际社会应同等重视公民、政治权利与经济、社会、文化权利,在发展中国家普遍关注的发展权领域加大投入。

This year marks the 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action by the UN. The international community should attach equal importance to the realization of the civil and political rights and the economic, social and cultural rights and scale up input in the field of the right to development, an area of shared concern for developing countries.

 

人权没有最好,只有更好。各国应在平等和相互尊重基础上开展建设性对话与合作,加强交流互鉴,妥善处理分歧,摒弃将人权政治化和搞双重标准。人权理事会等联合国人权机构应恪守《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则,秉持公正、客观和非选择性原则,平衡推进两类人权,为推动国际人权事业健康发展做出贡献。

When it comes to human rights, there is always room for improvement. Countries should engage in constructive dialogue and cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual respect, enhance exchanges and mutual learning, properly handle differences and reject the politicization of human rights or the practice of double standards. The Human Rights Council and other UN human rights bodies should faithfully observe the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, conduct their work in a fair, objective and non-selective manner, advance the two main categories of human rights (civil and political rights; economic, social and cultural rights) in a balanced way, and contribute to the sound development of the international human rights cause.

 

十一、联合国财政

XI. UN Financing

 

所有会员国应切实履行联合国宪章规定的财政义务,根据联合国大会决议确定的支付能力原则,足额、无条件缴纳联合国会费和维和摊款,支持联合国有效履行职责。联合国应根据资源与方案相结合的原则,努力提高资源管理水平和利用效率,简政提效,加强问责,把资金和资源更多投向发展中国家关切的重点领域。

All UN member states should earnestly fulfill their financial obligations stipulated in the UN Charter and pay assessments for both regular budget and peacekeeping operations in full and without conditions and in accordance with the “capacity to pay” principle set forth in the UN General Assembly resolution, so as to support the UN in effectively carrying out its functions. The UN needs to improve management of and efficiency in the use of its resources by integrating resources and programs, streamline administration, increase efficiency, enhance accountability and invest more fund and resources in key areas of concern to developing countries.

 

十二、国内和国际两级法治

XII. The Rule of Law at the National and International Levels

 

实现国内和国际两级法治是各国和国际社会普遍追求的目标。在加强国内法方面,各国有权自主选择符合本国国情的法治模式,不同法治国家之间应相互尊重、相互包容、相互借鉴、共同发展。中国政府以建设法治中国为目标,全面推进依法治国,做到科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法。

It is the goal of all countries and the entire international community to achieve the rule of law at both the national and international levels. At the national level, countries are entitled to independently choose the mode of rule of law that suits their national conditions. Countries with different modes should learn from each other and seek common development in a spirit of mutual respect and tolerance. The Chinese government will comprehensively promote the rule of law in a bid to build China into a country under the rule of law that features sound legislation, strict enforcement, impartial justice and abidance by all.

 

在加强国际法方面,各国应全面遵守《联合国宪章》、1970年《关于各国依<联合国宪章>建立友好关系及合作之国际法原则之宣言》所反映的国际法原则,共同维护国际法权威,共同推动构建人类命运共同体。各国享有平等地参与制定、解释和适用国际法的权利,并有义务善意履行国际法。各国应维护和巩固以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体制。各国和国际司法机构应该维护国际法治权威和国际正义,遵守国际法律规则和国际法治秩序,确保国际法平等统一适用,依法尊重各国自主选择争端解决方式的权利,避免双重标准,避免滥用程序和权利。

To strengthen the rule of law at the international level, countries should fully adhere to the principles of international law enshrined in the UN Charter and the 1970 Declaration on Principles of International law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, uphold the authority of international law and work together toward a community with a shared future for mankind. Countries are entitled to participate on an equal footing in the formulation, interpretation and application of international law, and obliged to enforce international law in good faith. Countries should safeguard and strengthen the multilateral trading regime with the WTO at its core. All countries and international judicial institutions should uphold the authority of the international rule of law and justice, observe international legal rules and the order of the international rule of law, ensure equal and uniform application of international law, respect the right of all countries to independently choose the means of dispute settlement in accordance with law, and avoid the practice of double standards or the abuse of procedures and rights.

 

十三、国际刑事法院

XIII. The International Criminal Court

 

中国支持国际社会惩治严重罪行、促进实现世界和平和司法正义的努力。国际刑事法院的工作应秉承促进国际和平与安全、维护全人类福祉的宗旨,与其他国际机制协调合作,避免干扰有关和平进程,包括在行使侵略罪管辖权时,不应干扰安理会有关职责。中方希望法院严格遵循补充性管辖原则,切实尊重国家司法主权,依法审慎行使职权,以客观、公正的表现赢得国际社会的广泛信任和尊重。

China supports the international efforts to punish serious crimes and promote world peace and judicial justice. The International Criminal Court (ICC) should uphold the purpose of promoting international peace and security and safeguarding the well-being of all humanity, coordinate and cooperate with other international mechanisms and avoid disrupting relevant peace processes, including disruption of the Security Council’s mandate in exercising jurisdiction over the crime of invasion. China hopes that the ICC will strictly stick to the principle of complementarity, earnestly respect the judicial sovereignty of countries, and prudently carry out its mandate in accordance with law, so as to win the confidence and respect of the broad international community with the objective and impartial performance of its functions.

 

十四、海洋和海洋法

XIV. Oceans and the Law of the Sea

 

海洋是人类的共同家园,是实现可持续发展的宝贵空间。中国高度重视并积极支持国际海洋事务和海洋法的发展,愿秉持共商、共建、共享原则,与各国一道,在国际海洋领域推动构建人类命运共同体,促进联合国可持续发展目标的实现。

The oceans and seas are the shared home of all humanity. They provide precious space for sustainable development. China attaches great importance to and actively supports international endeavors related to oceans and the law of the sea. In keeping with the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, China is ready to work with all countries to build a community with a shared future for mankind in international maritime areas and promote the realization of the UN sustainable development goals.

 

《联合国海洋法公约》和一般国际法为各国开展海洋活动提供了法律依据。各国应依法行使权利、善意履行国际义务,各国和国际争端解决机构都应全面、忠实地解释或适用国际海洋法规则,共同维护公平正义的国际海洋秩序。

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and general international law have provided legal references for the maritime activities of all countries. Countries should exercise their rights in accordance with law and fulfill international obligations in good faith. Countries and international dispute settlement institutions should comprehensively and faithfully interpret and apply the rules of the international law of the sea, and work together to uphold a fair and just international maritime order.

 

中国支持联合国框架下的各项海洋和海洋法机制,愿与各国加强沟通协调,积极参与国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性国际文书谈判、国际海底资源开发规章制订等国际立法进程,稳步推进国际海洋治理。

China supports all the mechanisms for maritime affairs and the law of the sea under the UN framework, stands ready to enhance exchanges and coordination with all countries, and actively participates in international legislation, including the negotiations on an international instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ) and the formulation of international regulations governing the exploitation of seabed resources, so as to steadily advance international maritime governance.