双语资料:《伟大的跨越:西藏民主改革60年》白皮书(七)
发布时间:2019年05月09日
发布人:nanyuzi  

十、西藏发展进入新时代

X. Development of Tibet in the New Era

 

2012年中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视西藏工作,心系西藏各族人民,从全面建成小康社会、实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦的总要求出发,制定了西藏发展和稳定的大政方针。习近平总书记提出“治国必治边、治边先稳藏”的重要战略思想,作出“加强民族团结、建设美丽西藏”的重要指示,亲自主持召开中央第六次西藏工作座谈会,明确新形势下西藏工作的指导思想和目标任务,确定“十二五”“十三五”中央政府支持西藏的一大批重点建设项目,制定了惠及西藏各族人民的一系列特殊优惠政策。习近平总书记先后致信祝贺第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究启动、西藏民族大学建校60周年,给隆子县玉麦乡群众回信,为那曲科学种树作出批示,主持研究川藏铁路建设规划,对西藏发展稳定工作作出一系列重要指示批示。以习近平同志为核心的党中央新时代治藏方略,承接着民主改革以来的西藏工作路线方针政策,紧密契合新时代发展需要,不断推进西藏长足发展和长治久安。

Since the 18th CPC National Congress was held in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core has attached great importance to Tibet and its ethnic groups. The CPC Central Committee has formulated major policies for development and stability in Tibet to meet the requirements for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, achieving the Two Centenary Goals, and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. Xi, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, put forward an important strategic idea: “To govern the country well we must first govern the frontiers well, and to govern the frontiers well we must first ensure stability in Tibet.” He issued instructions to “strengthen ethnic unity and build a beautiful Tibet.” He presided over the Sixth National Symposium on Work in Tibet in August 2015, defining guiding principles, objectives, and tasks in Tibet in the new era. It was decided at the symposium that the central government would support a large number of key construction projects that were to be included in the 12th and 13th Five-year plans (covering ten years from 2011 to 2020), and a series of special preferential policies benefiting all ethnic groups in Tibet were enacted. General Secretary Xi wrote a series of letters to celebrate the launch of the second comprehensive scientific investigation and research of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the 60th anniversary of Xizang Minzu University, and to reply to a letter from the people of Yumai Township in Lhunze County. He wrote instructions for tree planting in Nagqu, and directed research into the Sichuan-Tibet Railway construction plan. He issued many important instructions on the development and stability of Tibet. The general plan for governing Tibet in the new era defined by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as the core is consistent with the principles and policies applied to Tibet since the beginning of democratic reform, while responding to Tibet’s development needs in the new era. It thus promotes the development and long-term stability of Tibet.

 

新时代西藏的发展坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念,努力推动经济社会发展,保障和改善民生,促进各民族交往交流交融,加强生态环境保护与建设,使西藏发展呈现蓬勃生机和强大活力。

To develop Tibet in a new era, the Central Authority is committed to the philosophy of people-centered development and the concept of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and inclusive development. It strives to promote economic and social development, safeguard and improve people’s wellbeing, promote exchanges and integration among ethnic groups, and strengthen environmental protection. These efforts will give vitality and vigor to Tibet.

 

——新时代西藏坚持创新发展理念,着力增强经济活力

– Committed to innovative development and greater economic vitality

 

西藏自治区把创新作为引领发展的第一动力,把创新摆在发展全局的核心位置,大力推动创新驱动发展战略。努力推动制度创新。用供给侧结构性改革引领发展,深入推进国有企业、非公有制经济、要素市场、财税体制、金融体制、养老保险制度和医药卫生体制等重点领域改革,充分释放发展潜力。以科技创新驱动发展,加大政府引导力度,加快构建以企业为主体、市场为导向、政产学研相结合的科技创新体系,加强科技创新平台建设,推进科技成果转化应用,不断提高科技对经济发展的贡献率。截至2018年,全区已建成众创空间、科技企业孵化器、大学生创新创业基地、小微企业双创基地等“双创”(大众创业、万众创新)载体74家,吸纳创新创业团队和初创企业1338家。一批科技创新企业发展壮大,2018年全区高新技术企业突破50家,同比增长53%;科技型中小企业达75家,同比增长142%。培育了青稞、牦牛、藏医藏药等一系列支撑力强、效益显著的高原特色产业,使特色经济迅速崛起成为西藏经济中最具活力和潜力的亮点。拉萨、日喀则、那曲、林芝4个国家级农业科技园区和林芝国家可持续发展实验区辐射带动作用显著。12家国家级“星创天地”在农牧区科技成果转化和带动群众增收方面发挥积极作用。

Considering innovation as the primary driving force, the government of Tibet has worked hard to implement the strategy of innovation-driven development. It strives to promote institutional innovation. Driving development with supply-side structural reform, it is advancing reforms in key areas such as state-owned enterprises, the non-public economy, the factor market, the fiscal and taxation system, financial system, old-age insurance system, and medical and health system to tap the potential for development. It drives development with scientific and technological innovation, while enhancing government guidance. To achieve this, it is working to establish a market-oriented scientific and technological innovation system with enterprises as the mainstay and collaboration between government, enterprises, universities, and research institutes; and building platforms for scientific and technological innovation. It is also working hard to enhance commercialization of scientific and technological advances, and improve contribution of science and technology to economic development. By 2018, Tibet had established 74 entrepreneurship and innovation entities, including makerspaces, sci-tech enterprise incubators, innovation and entrepreneurship bases for college students, and bases for small and micro businesses, and these entities have attracted 1,338 entrepreneurship teams and startups. A number of scientific and technological innovation enterprises have grown stronger. In 2018, the number of high-tech enterprises in Tibet exceeded 50, 53 percent more than in 2017. The number of small and medium-sized enterprises featuring scientific innovation reached 75, up by 142 percent on a year-on-year basis. Tibet has cultivated a series of industries with local characteristics, such as highland barley, yak, and Tibetan medicine, which are profitable in themselves while constituting a strong support for other industries in the Region. This rapidly rising “local characteristic” economy has become one of the most dynamic and promising highlights of the Tibetan economy.

The four national agricultural science and technology parks in Lhasa, Xigaze, Nagqu and Nyingchi and the Nyingchi National Sustainable Development Experimental Zone have a significant radial impact. Twelve state-level innovation-driven agricultural centers have played an active role in commercializing scientific and technological achievements in agricultural and pastoral areas and in boosting the people’s income.

 

——新时代西藏坚持协调发展理念,着力构筑可持续发展格局

– Committed to coordinated and sustainable development   

 

针对当前经济社会发展的客观实际,西藏自治区正确处理好国家投资和社会投资的关系,重大项目和民生项目的关系,发挥优势和补齐短板的关系,城镇就业和就近就便、不离乡不离土、能干会干的关系,扶贫搬迁向城镇聚集和向生产资料富裕、基础设施相对完善地区聚集的关系,保护生态和富民利民的关系,城市发展和提高农牧区基本公共服务能力的关系,简政放权和地方承接的关系,以及企业增产提效和改善职工福利待遇、促进农牧民群众增收的关系等,妥善解决全区经济社会问题和发展不平衡不充分问题。编制乡村振兴战略规划,农村发展新动能持续培育。2018年农民专业合作社达到8364家,农产品加工业总产值42亿元。农村基础设施不断改善,农业防灾抗灾体系、农产品质量安全检验检测体系、动物防疫体系基本建立。村容整治、垃圾污水处理深入推进。行政村通光纤率达到98%。统筹区域协调发展,加快落后地区发展,鼓励各地充分发挥优势、突出本地特色,做大做强特色产业,努力壮大经济实力,形成竞相发展的生动局面,构筑起支撑经济发展的增长点和增长极。积极推进拉萨、日喀则“一带一路”重要节点、面向南亚开放中心城市和前沿城市建设。拉萨山南经济一体化、藏中3小时经济圈逐渐形成。藏东交通、能源建设取得新进展,藏西北生态环境保护不断加强,藏东南全时全域旅游发展强劲。常住人口城镇化率达到31%。

In view of the current economic and social climate, the government of Tibet, while properly addressing economic and social problems and imbalanced and insufficient development, has been working hard to handle the following relationships:

between state investment and social investment;

between major projects and projects to improve people’s wellbeing;

between taking advantage of strengths and strengthening areas of weaknesses;

between urban employment and convenient employment, such as providing nearby job opportunities and improving people’s employability;

between relocating impoverished people to urban areas and relocating them to areas with surplus productive resources and relatively complete infrastructure;

between protecting ecology and benefiting the people;

between developing urban areas and improving basic public services in agricultural and pastoral areas;

between streamlining administration, delegating power to lower level and localization;

between increasing the output and efficiency of enterprises and improving the welfare of employees and the incomes of farmers and herdsmen.

Tibet has created a rural revitalization plan to cultivate new driving forces for rural development. In 2018, there were 8,364 specialized farmers cooperatives, and the total output value of the agricultural products processing industry was 4.2 billion yuan. Rural infrastructure has been improved. Systems are in place for agricultural disaster prevention and response, inspection and testing of the quality and safety of agricultural products, and animal epidemic control. Work has been done to improve the rural living environment and refuse and sewage treatment. And 98 percent of administrative villages in Tibet have access to optic fiber networks. Tibet promotes balanced regional development. It is accelerating the development of backward areas, and encouraging different locations to use their strengths to the full and exploit industries with local characteristics, thus enhancing the economic strength of the whole Region. As a result, there is competition between different areas, and an increase of engines for economic growth. Tibet has worked actively to develop Lhasa and Xigaze, two important nodes on the Belt and Road, and to open central and frontier cities to South Asia. The economic integration of Lhasa and Shannan is progressing, and a “three-hour” economic and transport circle in central Tibet is taking shape. New progress has been made in improving transport and energy supply infrastructure in eastern Tibet, and ecological protection in northwestern Tibet has been strengthened. All-season and all-area tourism in southeastern Tibet is developing fast. The urbanization rate of permanent residents is 31 percent.

 

——新时代西藏坚持绿色发展理念,着力建设美丽西藏

– Committed to green development and a beautiful Tibet

 

西藏自治区牢固树立保护生态环境就是保护生产力、绿水青山就是金山银山的理念,坚持保护优先、建设并重,切实推进绿色发展。严格落实生态环保主体责任,严守生态安全底线,严禁高污染、高排放、高能耗项目进入西藏,严格执行矿产资源勘查开发自治区政府“一支笔”审批和环境保护“一票否决”制。实施生态保护奖励补助机制,安排70万个生态保护岗位,使广大农牧民走上生态就业、生态致富的道路。实施重点生态工程。全面推进国土绿化行动,初步形成了一个类型齐全、分布合理的生态保护网络体系。大力发展绿色产业,积极推进清洁能源产业,发展绿色工业,2018年天然饮用水等绿色工业增加值53亿元,增长14.3%。绿色发展的红利让西藏2018年旅游收入增长近三成,接待游客人次增长31.5%。继续实施生态安全屏障保护与建设工程,稳步推进“两江四河”流域造林绿化工程。生态环境保护考核奖惩机制不断完善。各类自然保护区已达到西藏自治区总面积的1/3,活立木蓄积、人均森林面积、人均森林蓄积、人均天然林蓄积和乔木林单位面积蓄积5项指标居全国第一,江河源头区、草原、湖泊、湿地、天然林、水生态、地质遗迹、生物多样性得到有效保护,确保了西藏天蓝地绿水清。据中科院和相关部门监测评估显示,当前西藏高原各类生态系统结构整体稳定,气、声、水、土壤、辐射及生态环境质量均保持在良好状态,大部分区域仍处于原生状态,西藏仍然是世界上生态环境最好的地区之一。

The government of Tibet firmly believes that clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets, and that ecological protection is also a means of protecting productive forces. Bearing these ideas in mind, it prioritizes green development with ecological protection. It defines primary responsibilities for ecological protection, follows strict principles of ecological safety, and prohibits high-pollution, high-emission, high-energy projects from entering Tibet. It strictly implements the systems under which only one leading official is granted the right to approve projects for the exploration and development of mineral resources, while at the same time a single veto will block any project detrimental to the environment. Tibet operates a mechanism of incentives or subsidies for ecological protection. It has assigned 700,000 people to ecological protection posts, enabling the majority of farmers and herdsmen to find employment and earn a good living through ecological protection. Several key ecological projects have been implemented. Tibet promotes land greening in all areas, and a comprehensive regional ecological protection network is in place. Tibet is working hard to develop green industries and promote clean energy. In 2018, green industries such as natural drinking water recorded an added value of 5.3 billion yuan, an increase of 14.3 percent over 2017. Another dividend of green development is a 30 percent growth in Tibet’s tourism revenue and a 31.5 percent increase in the number of tourists in 2018.Tibet continues to protect ecological barriers and build new ones, while making steady progress with afforestation of the basins of the Yarlung Zangbo, Nujiang, Lhasa, Nianchu, Yarlung (a tributary of Yarlung Zangbo), and Shiquan rivers. The mechanism for assessing and rewarding or punishing activities with an ecological impact has been improved. As a result of these efforts, nature reserves now occupy one third of the Region. The living wood growing stock, per capita forest area, per capita forest stock, per capita natural forest stock, and forest stock per unit area all rank first in China. River source areas, grasslands, lakes, wetlands, natural forests, water ecology, geological relics, and biodiversity are under effective protection, ensuring azure sky, green mountains, and clear waters in Tibet. According to monitoring and evaluation conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relevant government departments, the ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau are generally stable, and the quality of its air, water, soil, and general ecological environment remain good. Noise and radiation levels are positive. Most parts of Tibet are still in their pristine state. Tibet is still one of the regions with the best ecological environment in the world.

 

——新时代西藏坚持开放发展理念,着力实现互利共赢

– Committed to open development and mutually beneficial results

 

西藏自治区紧紧围绕“一带一路”倡议,构建包容、开放、合作的政策体系,不断加快对外开放的步伐。西藏是面向南亚开放的重要通道。积极融入“一带一路”,参与孟中印缅经济走廊建设,推进环喜马拉雅经济合作带。加强与尼泊尔基础设施互联互通,积极建设铁路、公路通道的同时,西藏航空公司与尼泊尔雪人航空公司合资成立喜马拉雅航空公司,打造空中走廊。加快建设吉隆、普兰等口岸,稳步推进樟木口岸科学恢复开通。大力发展开放型经济。成功举办第十六届“中国西藏-尼泊尔经贸洽谈会”,扎实推进吉隆跨境经济合作区、拉萨综合保税区建设,各级园区产值突破250亿元。2018年全区进出口贸易额实现48亿元,边民互市贸易额增长1.8倍。加强招商引资,2018年实施招商引资项目1450个,累计到位资金630.8亿元,同比增长38.8%。广泛开展对外交流合作,有序推进“请进来、走出去”,持续推进旅游、文化、农牧业等领域对外交流合作。成功举办四届“中国西藏旅游文化国际博览会”,并打造成为具有国际影响力、全国辐射力、区域带动力的对外交往交流合作的西藏高端品牌。在拉萨成功举办两届“中国西藏发展论坛”,成功举办首届环喜马拉雅“一带一路”合作论坛和南亚标准化论坛,积极与世界各国专家学者交流先进发展理念,探索新时代西藏发展的路径模式。

Following the Belt and Road Initiative, the government of Tibet is building a policy structure that is inclusive, open, and cooperative in nature, while accelerating opening up. Tibet sees the Belt and Road Initiative as an important channel for opening to South Asia, and has joined the initiative by participating in the construction of the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor and promoting the Trans-Himalaya Economic Cooperation Zone. To strengthen infrastructure interconnection with Nepal, Tibet is building railways and highways; in 2014, China’s Tibet Airlines and Nepal’s Yeti Airlines founded a joint venture – Himalaya Airlines – to create air corridors. In the meantime, Tibet is moving faster in expanding trading posts such as Gyirong and Burang, and re-opening Zham. Tibet works hard to develop an open economy. It successfully hosted the 16th China Tibet-Nepal Economic and Trade Fair in 2018. It is building the Gyirong Cross-border Economic Cooperation Zone and the Lhasa Comprehensive Bonded Zone. The output value of economic and industrial parks at all levels has exceeded 25 billion yuan. In 2018, the Region’s imports and exports reached 4.8 billion yuan, and the volume of trade between the inhabitants of border areas increased by a factor of 1.8 over the previous year. Tibet has intensified its effort to attract outside investment. In 2018, it unveiled 1,450 projects designed to invite external investment, which brought in funds of 63.08 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 38.8 percent. Tibet carries out extensive external exchanges and cooperation by promoting the strategy of “inviting in and going out”. It has advanced exchanges and cooperation in tourism, culture, agriculture, animal husbandry, among others. It has successfully hosted four sessions of the China Tibet Tourism and Culture Expo and has made this a high-end Tibetan brand with nationwide and international influence, while serving as a driving force for regional development. Tibet has twice held the Forum on the Development of Tibet in Lhasa, along with the First Belt and Road Forum on Trans-Himalaya Cooperation, and the China-South Asia Standardization Forum. Through active communication with world-renowned experts and academics on advanced development concepts, Tibet is searching for new pathways and models for development in the new era.

 

——新时代西藏坚持共享发展理念,着力提升幸福指数

– Committed to shared development to enhance the happiness of the people

 

西藏自治区不断增强各族群众的发展参与感和获得感,真正实现发展成果由全民共享。民生保障水平不断提升,小康社会建设稳步推进。全力建好社会保障体系,基本实现了幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶。2013年以来,新增城镇就业累计27.3万人以上。2018年城镇登记失业率2.83%,城乡居民人均可支配收入分别增长10.2%和10.8%。覆盖城乡的社会保障体系基本建成,全区市地一级均有孤儿院,区、市(地)、县(区)均建有养老院,率先实现有意愿的五保对象集中供养、孤儿集中收养。2013年以来,累计减贫约71万人。贫困发生率由2012年的35.2%下降到2018年的6%以下。新型城镇化建设稳步推进,日喀则、山南、林芝、昌都、那曲撤地设市。2013年以来,实施各类城镇保障性安居工程31.46万套。加大对口援藏力度,2013年至2017年累计实施援建项目1736个,援助资金达143.46亿元。国家统计局专项调查结果显示,群众对生活现状的满意度超过97%,对全面建成小康社会的信心达97.3%。

The government of Tibet works hard to enhance the sense of participation and gain for people of all ethnic groups, ensuring that the fruits of development are shared by all the people. Tibet is constantly improving the level of social security while steadily building a moderately prosperous society. It is creating a social security framework that guarantees all the people the rights to care for pre-school children, education, remunerable employment, health care and old-age care, housing, and assistance for the weak. Since 2013, more than 273,000 new urban jobs have been created. In 2018, the registered urban unemployment rate was 2.83 percent, and per capita disposable income increased by 10.2 percent and 10.8 percent respectively for urban and rural residents. A social security system covering both urban and rural residents is in place. Orphanages have been set up at the city (prefecture) level, and nursing homes for the elderly have been founded at the regional, city (prefecture), and county (district) levels. Tibet has become one of the first parts of China to realize centralized care of orphans and those who are eligible for the “five guarantees”. Since 2013, about 710,000 people have been raised from poverty. The poverty headcount ratio fell from 35.2 percent in 2012 to below 6 percent in 2018. Urbanization is advancing steadily. Xigaze, Shannan, Nyingchi, Qamdo, and Nagqu were converted from prefectures to cities. Since 2013, 314,600 government-subsidized homes have been built. Partnership assistance from other parts of the country to Tibet is increasing. From 2013 to 2017, 1,736 assistance projects were launched, with a total of 14.35 billion yuan in funds. According to a special survey of the National Bureau of Statistics, more than 97 percent of Tibet people are satisfied with their situation, and 97.3 percent are confident of achieving moderate prosperity.

 

结束语

Conclusion

 

西藏60年的伟大跨越,充分说明民主改革顺应时代发展要求,符合西藏各族人民的根本愿望,契合西藏社会发展的实际需要,是历史的必然。正是有了民主改革,才有了西藏社会制度的历史性变迁,才有了西藏与时俱进的发展,才有了西藏各族人民幸福美好新生活,才有了西藏各族人民权利的充分保障。民主改革是真正造福西藏各族人民的伟大壮举。

The leap of Tibet’s development over the past 60 years fully demonstrates that its democratic reform conformed to the historical trend of the times and the fundamental aspirations of all ethnic groups in Tibet, and met the people’s real demand for social progress. This reform has led to a historic transformation in Tibet’s social system. It has brought rapid development to the Region and a happier life to the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet, and ensured the people’s rights are fully guaranteed.

 

经过民主改革,西藏各族人民早已成为国家的主人。坚持中国共产党的领导、坚持社会主义道路、坚持民族区域自治制度早已深入人心,不可撼动。多年来,以达赖集团为代表的西藏旧势力,出于自身政治利益的需要,出于对黑暗落后的封建农奴制的眷恋,极力否定民主改革,否定西藏发展取得的巨大成就。这不仅是对事实的罔顾,更是在开历史倒车,是对人类文明的反动。

Since democratic reform, the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have become the masters of the country. It is deeply rooted in the people’s minds that we must remain committed to the leadership of the CPC, the socialist road, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy. For many years, however, the old Tibetan forces represented by the Dalai Lama have attempted to deny the achievements of democratic reform and development in Tibet, for the sake of their political interests and out of a hankering for the dark and backward days of feudal serfdom. They disregard facts, and attempt to reverse the tide of history in opposition to the interests of human civilization.

 

当前,在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下,西藏各族人民正与全国人民一道,为创造更加幸福美好的生活、实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗。新时代中国特色社会主义建设正扬帆远航,西藏的明天将更加光辉灿烂。

Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet are working together with the whole country to create a better life and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. With steady progress being made towards socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, Tibet is bound to have an even brighter future.