八、保障了宗教信仰自由
VIII. Protecting the Freedom of Religious Belief
我国宪法规定，任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。西藏存在藏传佛教、苯教、伊斯兰教和天主教等多种宗教，在藏传佛教内部还存在宁玛、噶举、萨迦、格鲁等不同教派。经过民主改革，西藏废除了政教合一制度，实行政教分离，恢复宗教的本来面目。各民族宗教信仰自由权利受到宪法和法律的保护。各种宗教、各个教派都平等地得到尊重和保护，实现了真正的宗教和睦。
It is stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China that “No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion.” In Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism, Bon, Islam, and Catholicism coexist with a number of other religions, and within Tibetan Buddhism there are different sects such as Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug. After democratic reform, Tibet put an end to theocracy, separating government from religion and so restoring the latter’s true significance. The freedom of religious belief of all ethnic groups is protected by the Constitution and the laws, with all religions and religious sects being equally respected and protected. This equates to true religious harmony.
——宗教活动正常进行
– Religious activities are held regularly.
目前，西藏有宗教活动场所1787处，住寺僧尼4.6万余人，活佛358名；清真寺4座，世居穆斯林群众12000余人；天主教堂1座，信徒700余人。藏族和其他少数民族都按照自己的宗教传统进行宗教活动。藏传佛教寺庙学经、辩经、晋升学位、受戒、灌顶、诵经、修行等传统宗教活动正常进行，每逢重大宗教节日都循例举行各种活动。西藏自治区成功举办了班禅额尔德尼·确吉杰布坐床20周年庆典、时轮金刚灌顶法会等大型佛事活动。信教群众家中普遍设有经堂或佛龛，转经、朝佛、请寺庙僧尼做法事等宗教活动正常进行。完成对藏文大藏经的校勘出版，印制《甘珠尔》大藏经供给寺庙，满足僧尼和信教群众的学修需求。
Currently, Tibet has 1,787 sites for the practice of Tibetan Buddhism, over 46,000 resident monks and nuns, and 358 Living Buddhas. There are four mosques and over 12,000 native Muslims, and one Catholic church and 700 believers. Tibetan and other minority ethnic groups carry out their religious activities in accordance with native traditions. In monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism, traditional religious activities such as learning scriptures and debate, promotion through degrees, initiation as a monk or nun, abhisheka (empowerment ceremony), sutra chanting, and self-cultivation are held on a regular basis, while ceremonial activities are also held at important religious festivals in accordance with local customs. The Tibet Autonomous Region celebrated the 20th anniversary of the enthronement of Chökyi Gyalpo, the 11th Panchen Lama, in 2015, the empowerment ceremony of Kalachakala, and other major Buddhist events. Ordinary believers usually have a scripture room or a Buddhist shrine at home, and such religious activities as circumambulation while reciting scriptures, Buddha worship, and inviting lamas or nuns from monasteries to hold religious rites at home are regularly practiced. The collation and publishing of Buddhist canons in Tibetan and the supply of copies of Kangyur to monasteries have met the study demands of Buddhist monks and nuns and lay believers.
——活佛转世有序传承
– The Living Buddha reincarnation is proceeding well.
活佛转世制度作为藏传佛教特有的信仰和传承方式，得到国家和西藏自治区各级政府的尊重。2007年，国家颁布了《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》，进一步规范了活佛转世。1992年，国务院宗教事务局批准了第十七世噶玛巴活佛的继任。1995年，中国严格按照宗教仪轨和历史定制，经过金瓶掣签，报国务院批准，完成了十世班禅转世灵童寻访、认定以及第十一世班禅的册立和坐床。2000年，按照宗教仪轨和历史定制，完成了第七世热振活佛的坐床。2010年，报西藏自治区人民政府批准，经金瓶掣签认定，完成了六世德珠活佛的认定和坐床。截至2018年，已有91位新转世活佛按宗教仪轨和历史定制得到批准认定。
The Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism, and is respected by the state and governments at different levels of the autonomous region. The state issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism in 2007 to further institutionalize the reincarnation process of Living Buddhas. In 1992 the State Administration for Religious Affairs approved the succession of the 17th Living Buddha Karmapa. Through traditional religious rituals and historical conventions like drawing lots from a golden urn, the search for and identification of the reincarnation of the 10th Panchen Lama was carried out. With the approval of the State Council, the title of 11th Panchen Lama was conferred and he was enthroned in 1995. In 2000 the Seventh Regent Reting Rinpoche was enthroned in accordance with traditional religious rituals and historical conventions; in 2010 the Sixth Living Buddha Dezhub was nominated and enthroned through the drawing of lots from a golden urn and with the approval of the government of Tibet Autonomous Region. By 2018, 91 incarnated Living Buddhas had been confirmed through traditional religious rituals and historical conventions.
——宗教人士培养不断规范
– The cultivation and training of religious personnel are being strengthened.
不断完善藏传佛教僧人学经制度。西藏自治区制定出台《办好西藏佛学院分院的意见》《西藏佛学院学衔授予办法（试行）》，在北京和拉萨分别建有中国藏语系高级佛学院和西藏佛学院，作为藏传佛教高级宗教人才培养基地，系统招收培养藏传佛教教职人员。2011年11月，投资逾亿元新修建的西藏自治区佛学院正式落成并开院。2005年开始，每年在北京中国藏语系高级佛学院举行藏传佛教“拓然巴”高级学衔考试和授予仪式，在大昭寺和拉萨三大寺进行格西“拉让巴”学位考试。截至2018年，西藏自治区已有117名学经僧人获得了格西“拉让巴”学位，68名僧人获得了中国藏语系高级佛学院“拓然巴”高级学衔。
The system whereby Tibetan Buddhist monks learn sutras has been improved. The government of the Tibet Autonomous Region issued the Opinions on Building a Branch of the Tibetan Buddhist Institute and Methods of Awarding Academic Ranks in the Tibetan Buddhist Institute (trial). The China Tibetan Language High-level Institute of Buddhism has been set up in Beijing, and the Tibetan Buddhist Institute in Lhasa. Both recruit and train senior Buddhist teaching personnel. In November 2011 the Tibetan Buddhist Institute was completed and began operation, following an investment of over 100 million yuan. Since 2005, examinations for senior academic ranks and degree-conferring ceremonies have been held every year at the China Tibetan Language High-level Institute of Buddhism in Beijing, and degree examinations unique to Gelug have been held in Jokhang Temple and the three major monasteries in Lhasa. By 2018, a total of 117 monks had received senior academic titles in Lhasa and 68 in Beijing.
——寺庙和僧人权利得到保障
– The rights of monasteries and monks are guaranteed.
寺庙得到维修和保护。20世纪80年代以来，中央政府累计投入14亿多元对西藏文物和重点寺庙进行了大规模维修。同时，自治区财政每年安排一定资金，重点用于非文物保护单位的中小型寺庙维修保护。西藏寺庙的传统印经院得到保留和发展，现有布达拉宫印经院等传统印经院60家，年印经卷6.3万种。宗教活动场所条件明显改善。全区在编僧尼全部纳入社保体系，实现医疗保险、养老保险、最低生活保障和人身意外伤害团体险全覆盖，每年免费为僧尼进行一次健康体检、建立健康档案，全区寺庙僧舍维修纳入保障性住房建设规划。
Temples are maintained and protected. Since the 1980s more than 1.4 billion yuan has been spent on restoring Tibetan cultural relics and refurbishing key monasteries. Medium-sized and smaller monasteries, which are not key sites under the state-level protection, are maintained with annual financial support from the regional government. Monastery-run scripture printing houses have been conserved and developed; there are 60 such printing houses at the Potala Palace and other monasteries, producing 63,000 scriptural items every year. Sites for religious activities have been significantly improved and upgraded. All the monks and nuns registered in the autonomous region have been included in the social security net, with full coverage of medical insurance, old-age insurance, subsistence allowance, and personal accident insurance. Monks and nuns are entitled to a free annual health check, with their health records filed and maintained in hospitals. The maintenance of dormitories for monks and nuns in monasteries is included in the government-subsidized housing plans.
——宗教事务管理有法可依
– The management of religious affairs is law-based.
国家和西藏自治区依照法律法规对宗教事务进行管理，依法保护宗教信仰自由、保证正常宗教活动有序进行、保障宗教团体的合法权益。改革开放以来，西藏自治区紧密结合西藏实际，先后制定《西藏自治区佛教寺庙民主管理章程（试行）》《西藏自治区实施〈宗教事务条例〉办法（试行）》《西藏自治区大型宗教活动管理办法》《西藏自治区藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法实施细则》等一系列政策措施和规范性文件，依法依规加强对宗教事务的管理。2017年，国家修订公布了《宗教事务条例》。西藏自治区依法出台了关于进一步加强藏传佛教活佛教育培养管理、藏传佛教代表人士教育培养管理、宗教活动管理、规范宗教活动场所建设和修缮审批管理、西藏佛学院分院管理等多份规范性文件，使西藏自治区宗教工作顶层设计更加完善、制度体系更加健全。
The state and the Tibet Autonomous Region manage religious affairs in accordance with laws and regulations. Freedom of religious belief, normal religious activities, and the legitimate rights and interests of religious groups are protected in accordance with the law. Since the introduction of reform and opening up in 1978, the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has, based on local conditions, issued a series of policy measures and regulatory documents, to strengthen the management of religious affairs in accordance with laws and regulations. These include: Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Democratic Management of Buddhist Monasteries (trial), Measures of the Tibet Autonomous Region on Implementing the Regulations on Religious Affairs (trial), Measures of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Management of Major Religious Activities, and Detailed Rules of the Tibet Autonomous Region for the Implementation of the Measures on the Management of Living Buddha Reincarnation of Tibetan Buddhism. In 2017 the state released the revised Regulations on Religious Affairs. The regional government has also issued regulatory documents on strengthening education, cultivation and management of Living Buddhas and representative figures of Tibetan Buddhism, on the management of religious activities, on the examination and approval of the construction and repair of religious activity sites, and on the administration of the branches of the Tibetan Buddhist Institute. All of this has shown that the top-level design for religious affairs and relevant rules concerning religious activities in Tibet have been much improved.
九、促进了民族平等团结
IX. Strengthening Ethnic Equality and Unity
中华民族多元一体。在漫长的历史长河中，西藏各族人民共同开发西藏高原，共同缔造西藏历史，是中华民族发展史的重要组成部分。新中国成立后，中国共产党和中国政府坚定不移地走符合国情的解决民族问题道路，确立并实施以民族平等、民族团结、民族区域自治和各民族共同繁荣为基本内容的民族政策。
The Chinese people of all ethnic groups are united in diversity. In the long course of history, the ethnic peoples of Tibet have worked together to develop the plateau and create the history of Tibet, which is an important part of the history of the Chinese nation. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the CPC and Chinese government have taken a pragmatic approach towards ethnic problems, formulated and implemented ethnic polices in the principles of ethnic equality and unity, regional ethnic autonomy, and the common prosperity of all ethnic groups.
60年来，西藏全面贯彻党的民族政策，深化民族团结进步教育，铸牢中华民族共同体意识，加强各民族交往交流交融，建立起了平等、团结、互助、和谐的社会主义新型民族关系。在维护国家统一、反对分裂的斗争中，西藏各族人民紧密团结在党中央周围，经受住了各种困难和风险的考验。
Over the past 60 years, Tibet has fully implemented the ethnic policy of the CPC to enhance the awareness of ethnic solidarity and the sense of community of the Chinese nation, strengthen ethnic communication and integration, and build a new type of socialist ethnic relationship featuring equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony. In the effort to maintain national unity and oppose separation, the ethnic groups of Tibet have withstood all tests and resisted all risks by rallying around the CPC Central Committee.
60年来，中央政府和全国各族人民把西藏的发展同国家的发展紧密结合起来，为西藏的发展倾注了大量心血。据统计，1959年至1965年，在全国经济形势十分困难的情况下，中央给西藏地方财政补贴持续增加，累计5.9亿元。1963年和1964年，国家拨款140万元，作为扶助贫苦农牧民发展生产的无偿投资，使3000多户牧民有了自己的牛羊。国家还拨专款建设了一些重大项目。据统计，1959年至1964年，国家共发放847万元无息和低息农牧业贷款，其中包括种子、口粮2000多万公斤，放贷耕牛18000多头，羊13000多只，其他牲畜3500多头，农具10万多件，制造农牧业生产工具的钢材95吨。
Over the past 60 years, the central government and all ethnic groups have been committed to the coordinated development of Tibet and the nation. From 1959 to 1965, financial subsidies from the central government continued to increase in spite of economic difficulties across the country, adding up to 590 million yuan. From 1963 to 1964, the state earmarked 1.4 million yuan to help farmers and herdsmen, purchasing cattle and sheep for over 3,000 households. The central government has also allocated special funds for some major projects. It is estimated that from 1959 to 1964, the central government issued a total of 8.47 million yuan in interest-free and low-interest loans for agriculture and animal husbandry. The loans were used for purchasing over 20 million kilos of seeds and grain, 18,000 head of cattle, 13,000 sheep, 3,500 other domestic animals, 100,000 farm tools and 95 tons of steel for making tools.
在西藏社会主义建设、改革和发展的各个重要历史时期，中央政府广泛动员和组织全国各省区市支援西藏，实现了互帮互助、共同繁荣发展。20世纪60年代，包括新疆的粮食、福建的茶叶、四川的优良畜种、上海的毛毯等来自全国各地的各种生产生活资料，有效满足了西藏各族人民对美好生活的需求。各民族之间手足情深，患难与共。1966年河北邢台地震时，西藏60多位牧民组成一支送马队伍，走了整整26天，行程5500多公里，将240多匹马送到邢台。30多年后，一个由28人组成的代表团，带着60台邢台牌拖拉机到拉萨回访，回馈当年西藏兄弟的送马之情。1985年、1990年、1997年西藏那曲遭遇特大雪灾时，全国各族人民伸出援手，及时送来粮食、棉衣、棉被；2008年四川汶川遭遇前所未有的大地震后，西藏各族人民捐款、捐物，把爱心送到灾区。此类相互支援的感人事迹不胜枚举。
At major historical points in Tibet’s socialist construction, reform and development, the central government has mobilized and organized as many resources as possible from across the country to help Tibet to realize common prosperity. In the 1960s, goods for work and daily life such as grain from Xinjiang, tea from Fujian, fine breeds of livestock from Sichuan and blankets from Shanghai were provided to meet the needs of the people in Tibet. The bond is close between all ethnic groups, particularly when disasters strike. In 1966, when Xingtai in Hebei Province was hit by an earthquake, a group of around 60 herdsmen from Tibet walked for a total of 26 days, covering more than 5,500 km to bring 240 horses to Xingtai to help with the relief work. Thirty years later, a contingent of 28 people from Xingtai drove 60 locally made tractors to Lhasa to return the old favor. In 1985, 1990 and 1997 when blizzards struck Nagqu, people all over China reached out to help, sending food, quilts and coats to Tibet. In 2008 when Wenchuan in Sichuan Province was hit by an unprecedented earthquake, all the ethnic peoples of Tibet offered donations to the affected area. The list of such stories of mutual aid goes on.
改革开放后，中央政府对西藏的帮扶支持力度不断加大，先后于1980年、1984年、1994年、2001年、2010年、2015年召开六次西藏工作座谈会，不断完善支持西藏发展的一系列特殊优惠政策。第一次座谈会后，西藏实行了一系列休养生息、治穷致富的政策。第二次座谈会后，实行“两个为主”（家庭经营为主，市场调节为主）和“两个长期不变”（牧区实行“牲畜归户，私有私养，自主经营，长期不变”，农区实行“土地归户使用，自主经营，长期不变”）政策。第三次座谈会后，中央为支持西藏发展制定了一系列特殊优惠政策，涉及财政税收、投融资、金融、价格补贴、外贸、社会保障、农业和农村、企业改革等多个方面。2005年，西藏自治区实行“草场公有、承包到户、自主经营、长期不变”的第三个“长期不变”政策。
After reform and opening up, the central government has been stepping up its assistance to Tibet. The National Symposium on Work in Tibet was held in 1980, 1984, 1994, 2001, 2010 and 2015 to improve the preferential policies applying to Tibet. After the first symposium, a series of polices to improve the economy, alleviate poverty, and work for a better life were implemented. After the second symposium, policies were introduced giving priority to household-based business operation and market regulation. Long-term government policies towards Tibet allow private ownership of livestock on a household basis, independent feeding management and business operation in pastoral areas; in agricultural areas, household-based ownership of farmland is allowed, and farmers independently make decisions regarding the use and operation of their land. After the third symposium, the central government issued a range of preferential policies covering taxation, investment and financing, financial service, price subsidies, foreign trade, social security, agriculture and rural areas, and enterprise reform. In 2005, another long-term policy of public ownership of grassland, the household contract system, and independent management was adopted by Tibet.
进入新世纪后，中央根据发展形势的变化和西藏发展的需要，进一步强化优惠政策支持力度。2006年国务院办公厅下发《关于加快西藏发展 维护西藏稳定若干优惠政策的通知》，共有40条优惠政策。2016年国务院办公厅出台《关于进一步支持西藏经济社会发展若干政策和重大项目的意见》，优惠政策更加全面。以中央对西藏的财政支持为例，据统计，1980年至2018年中央向西藏的财政补助累计12377.3亿元，占西藏地方财政总支出的91%。
After the turn of the new century, the central government strengthened support for preferential policies in Tibet in line with changes in overall national and local development. There are 40 preferential policies in the Notice of Preferential Policies on Accelerating the Development and Maintaining Stability in Tibet released by the General Office of the State Council in 2006. These became more comprehensive in the Opinions on Major Polices and Projects Concerning Giving Support to Social and Economic Development in Tibet in 2016. It is estimated that financial aid from the central budget totaled 1.24 trillion yuan from 1980 to 2018, making up 91 percent of Tibet’s financial expenditure.
各省区市、大中型企业的支援始于20世纪60年代。改革开放后，发达省（市）支援西藏的力度不断加大。1994年中央第三次西藏工作座谈会确定了“全国支援西藏”的方针和“分片负责、对口支援、定期轮换”的援藏模式，为西藏发展注入了强劲动力。截至目前，各支援省份累计组织1.8万多名干部和专业技术人员开展援藏工作。2015年以来，来自全国的教育、医疗人才“组团式”援藏，为西藏社会事业发展发挥了重要作用。对口支援单位累计实施援藏项目超万个、落实援藏资金超过400亿元，有力支持了西藏的经济社会发展。
Assistance from other provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, and large and medium-sized enterprises began in the 1960s. Since the start of reform and opening up in 1978, assistance from developed provinces and cities has increased. In 1994, the Third National Symposium on Work in Tibet set down the principle of rallying national support for Tibet and specified the assistance pattern of allocating responsibilities to certain provinces and rotating them on regular intervals, giving more impetus to Tibet’s development. To date, a total of 18,000 officials and professionals from supporting provinces have been involved in the assistance campaign. Since 2015, assistance by educational and medical personnel from across the country has contributed tremendously to social development in Tibet. More than 10,000 projects are receiving support, representing a total investment of over 40 billion yuan.
随着改革开放的深化，西藏人民与全国人民之间的经济、文化联系更加紧密，空间分布上交错杂居，情感上日益亲近。越来越多的人才从全国各地来到西藏，带来了先进的理念、技术，受到西藏各族群众的认可和欢迎。西藏也有越来越多的人员到四川、青海、甘肃、北京、广州、上海等地经商、办企业。不同民族之间的自由流动、相互通婚成为常态。今天的西藏，不同民族组成的幸福家庭随处可见。拉萨八廓街附近有一个20多户人家聚居的大院，居住着汉、藏、回等不同的民族家庭，亲如一家。
With deeper reform and opening up, the economic and cultural ties between people in Tibet and those in the rest of China have become closer, with an increasing number of mixed communities and a closer emotional bond. More high-caliber people from across the country are coming to Tibet with advanced concepts and technologies, and their contribution is warmly welcomed and appreciated by local people. More Tibetans are also opening businesses in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gausu, Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai. There is easy mobility among ethnic groups and intermarriages have become a common sight. In Tibet today, families consisting members with different ethnic background are to be seen everywhere. There is a courtyard near Barkhor Street in Lhasa which is home to more than 20 households composed of Han, Tibetan and Hui people who live harmoniously like one big family.