《菊花与战刀:日本文化的模式》
发布时间:2017年11月07日
作者:作者:Chenguohua  

The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese CultureExcerpt

《菊花与战刀:日本文化的模式》(节选)

 

By Ruth Benedict

/茹丝·贝讷迪克 译/陈国华

 

 

【译者的话】个人有人格(personality),族群有族格(ethnicitynational character)。对于日本人的族格,捕捉最准确、刻画最深刻的学者可能是美国文化人类学和民俗学家茹丝·贝讷迪克1Ruth Benedict18871948)。作为美国人类学创始人博厄斯的嫡传弟子,贝讷迪克侧重研究文化与人格之间的关系,其专著《文化模式》(Patterns of Culture1934)被译成14种语言。1944年,她受美国战争资讯处(Office of War Information)委托,对日本民族的主要人格特性(leading personality traits)展开研究,以便美国军方能看透日本军人的心理并预测其行为2。通过对日本进行远距离人类学研究(anthropology at a distance),贝讷迪克发现,日本文化和美国文化的主要不同之处在于,美国社会以罪感文化(guilt cultures)为主导,日本社会以耻感文化(shame cultures)为主导,由此可以解释日本人的许多性格特点。她根据自己的研究结果向美国政府提交的咨询报告,对罗斯福总统决定对日作战采取什么战略和策略,特别是要不要投原子弹,如何对待日本天皇,战后如何对日本实施管控等,都产生了重要影响。二战结束后,贝讷迪克对其研究成果加以补充修改,以《菊花与战刀》(The Chrysanthemum and the Sword3作为书名,于1946年出版。该书出版后,在美国和日本都引起极大反响,成为文化人类学的一部经典,贝讷迪克也于1947年当选美国人类学协会(American Anthropological Association)主席。

 

二战之后,日本政府主要由右翼势力把持,在对待战争罪责问题上,其流氓行径令人难以理解;近年来在钓鱼岛争端中,它表现出的掩耳盗铃、蛮不讲理态度也同样令人费解。同时,美国与日本战后的关系似乎也令人难以琢磨,二者之间真的是大哥和小弟之间的单纯情谊和军事同盟关系吗?重读这本书,我们可以参透其中的一些奥妙。

 

贝讷迪克本科是英文,毕业后做过中学英文教师,发表过诗歌,写过传记,其著述颇具文采。自黄道琳的译本《菊花与剑》(台湾:桂冠图书公司,1974)出版以来,此书已有20多个中文译本。笔者参考吕万和等(1990)、孙志民等(2005)和刘锋(2007)的译本,重译本书第一章的头7段,纠正之前译本中的一些错误,力图在一定程度上再现原著的文采,并通过注释展现翻译过程。

 

Chapter 1 Assignment: Japan

 

[1] The Japanese were the most alien4 enemy the United States had ever fought in an all-out struggle. In no other war with a major foe5 had it been necessary to take into account such exceedingly6 different habits of acting and thinking. Like Czarist Russia before us in 1905,we were fighting a nation fully armed and trained which did not belong to the Western cultural tradition. Conventions of war which Western nations had come to accept as facts of human nature obviously did not exist for the Japanese. It made the war in the Pacific more than a series of landings on island beaches, more than an unsurpassed problem of logistics. It made it a major problem in the nature of the enemy. We had to understand their behavior in order to cope with it7.

 

第一章 使命:日本

 

1〕在美国全力以赴与之搏斗过的敌人中,日本人最为异类。在之前与任何一个劲敌的交战中,我们都不必考虑对方的行事和思维习惯与我们的迥然不同。跟1905年的沙皇俄国一样,我们现在是在与一个全副武装、训练有素、不属于西方文化传统的民族作战。西方民族视为符合人性的那些战争常规,对于日本人来说,显然并不存在。这使得太平洋战争不仅是一系列的岛屿抢滩登陆,也不仅是无比艰难的后勤保障,而且还是认识敌人本性的一个大问题。只有了解其行为,才能应对其行为。

 

[2] The difficulties8 were great. During the past seventy-five years since Japan’s closed doors were opened9, the Japanese have been described in the most fantastic10 series of “but also’s” ever used for any nation of the world. When a serious observer is writing about peoples other than the Japanese11 and says they are unprecedentedly polite12, he is not likely to add, “But also insolent and overbearing.” When he says people of some nation are incomparably rigid13 in their behavior, he does not add, “But also they adapt themselves readily to extreme14 innovations.” When he says a people are submissive, he does not explain too that they are not easily amenable to control from above15. When he says they are loyal and generous, he does not declare, “But also treacherous and spiteful16.” When he says they are genuinely brave, he does not expatiate on their timidity. When he says they act out of concern for others’ opinions, he does not then go on to tell that they have a truly terrifying conscience17. When he describes robot-like discipline18 in their Army, he does not continue by describing the way the soldiers in that Army take the bit in their own teeth even to the point of insubordination. When he describes a people who devote themselves with passion to Western learning, he does not also enlarge on their fervid19 conservatism. When he writes a book on a nation with a popular cult of aestheticism which gives high honor to actors and to artists and lavishes art upon20 the cultivation of chrysanthemums, that book does not ordinarily have to be supplemented by another which is devoted to the cult of the sword and the top prestige21 of the warrior.

 

2〕这件事困难重重。日本打开其关闭的大门已经75年了,这期间人们一直用一系列的“却又”来形容日本人,频率高得出奇,超过用来形容世界上任何其他民族。严肃认真的观察家在描写其他各民族时,如果说他们彬彬有礼,无以复加,就不大可能又补充说“却又出言不逊,趾高气昂”;如果说某一民族的人行为无比僵化,就不会再补充说“却乐于顺应极为大胆的创新”;如果说一个民族性情温顺,就不会又解释说,他们容易桀骜不驯;如果赞扬他们忠心耿耿,宽厚大度,就不会又宣布,他们“居心叵测、刻薄恶毒”;如果形容他们英勇无畏,就不会继而侈谈他们胆小如鼠;如果说他们一举一动都顾及他人看法,就不会接着又说,他们的良心实在令人胆寒;如果描写他们军纪严明,如同机器人一般整齐划一,就不会继而又描述士兵们自作主张、自行其是,甚至到了以下犯上的程度;如果讲述一个民族如何激情地拥抱西学,就不会继而又大谈他们怎样狂热地固守祖制;如果写一本书,介绍一个国家的民众如何崇尚唯美主义,给予演员和艺术家崇高荣誉,在菊花栽培上倾注心血,精益求精,就一般不会马上续写一本书,专讲该国的战刀崇拜和武士的至尊地位。

 

[3] All these contradictions, however, are the warp and woof of books on Japan. They are true. Both the sword and the chrysanthemum are a part of the picture. The Japanese are, to the highest degree22, both aggressive and un-aggressive, both militaristic and aesthetic, both insolent and polite, rigid and adaptable, submissive and resentful of being pushed around23, loyal and treacherous, brave and timid, conservative and hospitable to new ways24. They are terribly concerned about what other people will think of their behavior, and they are also overcome by guilt25 when other people know nothing of their misstep. Their soldiers are disciplined to the hilt26 but are also insubordinate27.

 

3〕然而这些相互矛盾的说法却成了有关日本问题著作的经线和纬线,且全是真的。战刀与菊花都是一幅画面的组成部分。相互矛盾的特性在日本人那里集为一身,达到无以复加的程度:他们既好斗又不好斗,既尚武又唯美,既傲慢又客气,既僵化又善变,既驯服又执拗,既忠诚又奸诈,既勇敢又怯弱,既守旧又创新。他们十分在意别人对自己行为的看法,但倘若别人对其劣行毫不知情,他们也会情不自禁为非作歹。他们的士兵被训练得服服帖帖,但也会抗命不遵。

 

[4] When it became so important for America to understand Japan, these contradictions and many others equally blatant28 could not be waved aside. Crises29 were facing us in quick succession. What would the Japanese do? Was capitulation30 possible without invasion? Should we bomb the Emperor’s palace? What could we expect of Japanese prisoners of war? What should we say in our propaganda to Japanese troops and to the Japanese homeland which could save the lives of Americans and lessen Japanese determination to fight to the last man31? There were violent disagreements32 among those who knew the Japanese best33. When peace came, were the Japanese a people who would require perpetual martial law to keep them in order34? Would our army have to prepare to fight desperate bitter-enders35 in every mountain fastness of Japan36? Would there have to be a revolution in Japan after the order of the French Revolution or the Russian Revolution before37 international peace was possible? Who would lead it? Was the alternative the eradication38 of the Japanese? It made a great deal of difference39 what our judgments were.

 

4〕了解日本已是美国当务之急,面对日本人的这些矛盾性格以及其他许多同样显而易见的特性,我们不能置之不理。关键时刻接踵而至。日本人下一步会干什么?能否不进攻日本本土就让它根据所给条件投降?是否应该轰炸皇宫?从日本战俘口中可以期待得到什么?在对日军及其本土进行宣传时,说些什么才能减少美国士兵的伤亡,瓦解日本顽抗到最后一兵一卒的斗志?在这些问题上,日本问题专家们唇枪舌剑,争论不休。一旦和平到来,日本这个民族是否需要实行无限期军事管制才能使他们安分守己?我军是否得准备在日本的每一个山头与地堡里拼死抵抗的日军士兵激战?是否得在日本爆发一场革命,就像法国革命或俄国革命那样,国际和平才有可能实现?谁会领导这场革命?如若不然,是不是只好把日本人彻底消灭?我们做出什么判断,事关重大。

 

[5] In June, 1944, I was assigned to the study of Japan. I was asked to use all the techniques I could as a cultural anthropologist to spell out what the Japanese were like. During that early summer our great offensive against Japan had just begun to show itself in its true magnitude40. People in the United States were still saying that the war with Japan would last three years, perhaps ten years, more. In Japan they talked of its lasting one hundred years. Americans, they said, had had local victories, but New Guinea and the Solomons were thousands of miles away from their home islands. Their official communiqués had hardly admitted naval defeats and the Japanese people still regarded themselves as victors.

 

 519446月,我受命研究日本,要我利用文化人类学家的所有手段和方法,描绘出日本人的特点。那年夏初,我们对日本进行的大反攻刚刚显山露水。在美国,人们仍说对日战争会持续三年,也许十年,甚至更长。在日本,人们则说这场战争会持续一百年。他们说,美国人虽然取得了一些局部胜利,但是新几内亚和所罗门群岛距日本本土有数千英里之遥。他们的官方公报几乎从不承认其海军的失败,日本人民依旧自认为是胜利者。

 

[6] In June, however, the situation began to change. The second front was opened in Europe and the military priority which the High Command had for two years and a half given to the European theater paid off41. The end of the war against Germany was in sight. And in the Pacific our forces landed on Saipan, a great operation forecasting eventual Japanese defeat. From then on our soldiers were to face the Japanese army at constantly closer quarters. And we knew well, from the fighting in New Guinea, on Guadalcanal, in Burma, on Attu and Tarawa and Biak, that we were pitted against a formidable foe.

 

6〕到了6月,局势却发生了变化,欧洲开辟了第二战场。两年半以来,盟军最高统帅部在军事上一直把欧洲战场摆在首位,这一做法收到了成效,对德战争的胜利指日可待。在太平洋战场上,我军在塞班岛登陆,这一重大战役昭示着日本的最终失败。此后美军将会与日军日益抵近接火。通过在新几内亚、瓜达尔卡纳尔岛、缅甸、阿图岛、塔拉瓦岛和比亚克岛与日军交战,我们已经清楚地知道,自己是在跟一个强悍之敌较量。

 

[7] In June, 1944, therefore, it was important to answer a multitude of questions about our enemy, Japan. Whether the issue was military or diplomatic, whether it was raised by questions of high policy or of leaflets to be dropped behind the Japanese front lines, every insight was important42. In the all-out war Japan was fighting we had to know, not just the aims and motives, of those in power in Tokyo, not just the long history of Japan, not just economic and military statistics; we had to know what their government could count on from the people. We had to try to understand Japanese habits of thought and emotion and the patterns into which these habits fell. We had to know the sanctions43 behind these actions and opinions. We had to put aside for the moment the premises on which we act as Americans44 and to keep ourselves as far as possible from leaping to the easy conclusion that what we would do in a given situation45 was what they would do.

 

7〕因此,19446月一件重要的事就是,解答有关日本这一敌国的诸多问题。无论是军事问题还是外交问题,是高层决策提出的问题还是关于空投到日军后方传单的问题,每一见解都很重要。在日本发动的这场全面战争中,我们要了解的不仅是东京当权者的目的和动机,不仅是日本的悠久历史,不仅是经济上和军事上的统计数据;还包括日本政府指望从人民那里获得什么样的支持。我们得了解日本人的思维和情感习惯以及这些习惯形成的模式,了解这些行为和观点背后的动机。我们得暂时把我们美国人的思维和行事模式放在一边,尽量避免轻率地下结论,说在特定环境下我们怎么做,日本人也会怎么做。

 

(选自《英语世界》2014年第3期)

 

注释:

 

1. Ruth的传统“规范”译名是“鲁思”,但这一译名男女不分;“露丝”是女名。Benedict的“规范”译名“贝内迪克特”不如“贝讷迪克”准确。

 

2. 当时日本军人的一些行为令美军大惑不解,例如,美国人若当了俘虏,第一愿望就是让家人知道自己还活着,同时会尽量保守己方机密;而日本俘虏却一般不愿让家人知道自己被俘,但会愿意交代其所掌握的军事机密。

 

3. 绝大多数译者都将Chrysanthemum译成“菊”,简洁。在意象上,“花”与“刀”更加对称。如果这里译成“菊花”,那么与之对称的两个字最好是“战刀”。

 

4. 英语里将外星人称为aliens,这里alien的意思相当于华夏民族所谓“非我族类”,不是“琢磨不透”或“让人感到费解”,“异特”(孙志民等)的意思是对的,但不如“特异”通顺。

 

5. foeenemy文雅,所以译文也选用“劲敌”这一比较文雅的词。

 

6. 这里是“极为”的意思,可以译成“迥然”(吕万和等)。

 

7. cope with的意思是“应对,对付”,不是“对抗”;cope with it不是“同他们打交道”,而是“应对日本人的行为”。

 

8. 这里试用“重重”表示原文的复数。

 

9. 译成“……已经75年了,这期间”而不是“在自从日本关闭的大门被打开以来的75年间”,是为了避免介词“在”后面的补语过长。

 

10. 这里的意思应是“高//多得出奇”,不是“令人极为迷惑”或“极为离奇”。

 

11. 意思是“日本族之外的其他民族”,但由于有上下文,译文略去“日本族之外的”,意思也很清楚。

 

12. 考虑到“彬彬有礼”还没有把原文的意思充分表达出来,所以后面补了一句“无以复加”。

 

13. 意思不是“顽固”,而是“僵化;僵硬”。

 

14. 本义是“极端;激进”;与“创新”搭配,可以译成“大胆”。

 

15. 意思是“不容易让他们服从上级管控”,反过来说也就是“容易桀骜不驯”。

 

16. treacherous在这里与loyal形成对照,指不忠不义、卖主求荣之类的奸诈行为;spitefulgenerous形成对照,意思应当是“刻薄恶毒”或“充满恶意”(刘锋),不是“满腹怨恨”或“心怀叵测”。

 

17. 意思不是“真诚的良心”、“确实具有强烈的内在良心”或“强烈的道德准则”,而是“其良心令人胆寒”。

 

18. 这里的discipline不是在说“训练”问题,而是在说纪律问题,可以译成“机器人一样的纪律”或“机械式的纪律”(刘锋)。

 

19. passionateardent是近义词,表示“狂热”,本身没有“顽固”的意思。

 

20. lavish art upon sth.: 在某方面挥霍技艺就是“倾注心血,精益求精”,也可以译成“醉心于”(吕万和等)或“沉湎于”(刘锋)。

 

21. 至尊地位是“专讲”(devoted to)的对象,不是“崇拜”(cult of)的对象。

 

22. 意思不是“从很大程度上讲”,而是“达到最高程度”。同时,这一短语不单修饰“既好斗又不好斗”,还修饰下面描写的所有相互矛盾的特性,因此笔者在译文里增加了“相互矛盾的特性在日本人那里集为一身”,作为下面几句话的概括。

 

23. “不愿受人摆布”(吕万和等)就是“执拗”。

 

24. “十分欢迎新的方式”简而言之就是“创新”。ways不一定限于“生活方式”。

 

25. “被罪恶所征服”或“被自己的罪恶感所压服”不如“情不自禁为非作歹”意思清楚。

 

26. discipline有“训练”的意思,但它指的不是单纯的军事训练,而是服从命令听指挥的训练;to the hilt的意思是“彻底”,“得到了彻底的纪律训练”就是“已经被训练得服服帖帖”。

 

27. “不服从上级”或“抗命不遵”。

 

28. 意思不是“同样令人烦躁”或“显得乱哄哄的”,而是“显眼”或“显而易见”。

 

29. 这里指需要做出重大决策的时刻,即“紧要关头”或“关键时刻”,不是“严重的事态”或“危机”。

 

30. 指根据所达成的协议或所给出的条件投降。

 

31. 英语里man可以指士兵,与officer相对,因此这里译成“一兵一卒”。

 

32. “暴力的意见不合”即“唇枪舌剑”。

 

33. 即“日本问题专家”,也可译成“日本通”(吕万和等)。

 

34. 这里的意思不是“为了维持秩序”,而是“使他们安分守己/老老实实”。

 

35. desperate bitter-enders:在这里“绝望的痛苦结局者”即“拼死抵抗的日军士兵”。

 

36. fight ... in every mountain fastness of Japan:既然山是日本的,堡垒建在山上,日本士兵躲在堡垒里,为了让译文通畅,与其说“与日本的每一个山中要塞里的……进行战斗”,不如说“在日本的每一个山头与地堡里……激战”。

 

37. 这里的意思不是简单的“之前”,而是相当于“才”。

 

38. 彻底消灭(wipe out),即使用原子弹之类大规模杀伤武器所达到的效果。译成“日本民族只有灭亡”或“日本民族将会灭亡”不如“只有叫日本民族灭亡”意思清楚。

 

39. 意思不是“肯定是众说纷纭的”、“分歧极大”或“肯定是千差万别的”,而是“事关重大”或“结果会大为不同”。

 

40. 意思不是“展开”,而是“显现出其真正的规模”,即“显山露水”。

 

41. 意思不是“已无必要”或“现在没有这种必要了”,而是“得到了回报”或“收到了成效”。

 

42. 这里的意思不是“必须提出真知灼见”,而是“每一个见解都很重要”。

 

43. 这里的意思不是“制约力”、“强制力”或“制约因素”,而是指批准某一行动的道理或采取这一行动的动机。

 

44. 这里的the premises指逻辑学中三段论(syllogism)推理的大前提(major premise)和小前提(minor premise),译成“美国人采取行动的那些前提”或“自己作为美国人而据以行动的前提”,不如“我们美国人的思维和行事模式”清楚。

 

45. 意思不是“在那种情况下”,而是“在特定情况下”。