雅思写作如何举例？
文/唐老雅
雅思作文经常需要举例，一是字数的需要，二是论证的需要，三是让作文显得生动活泼的需要。因此，几乎所有雅思作文都需要举例。那么，雅思写作到底该如何举例呢？
首要问题就是：举什么作为例子？其实，例子很多，包括名人经历、个人经历、同学朋友经历、小说里读到的、电影里看到的、报纸上刊登的……，都可以作为例子来证明你的观点！但是，老雅认为，对多数烤鸭来说，首先考虑的应该是写个人经历或周围熟悉的人或物，因为熟悉，所以可以降低犯错的机率。
接下来的问题是：怎么举例？老雅区分两类：有形的举例和无形的举例。有形的举例就是用一些for instance、for example、a case in point is这样的连接词来举例，通常显得生硬，但很明晰；无形的举例就是把例子自然地融入到上下文中，虽然没有连接词，却胜似有连接词，这样的举例就像武功高手，收放自如，举重若轻，却显得优雅、有格调。老雅先讲讲有形的举例供6分段同学参考，然后再总结高分段的举例策略。
有形的举例
常用连接词
1) Take … for example
以……为例
2) To see this more clearly, let’s take…as an illustration.
为看得更清楚，我们举……为证。
3) A (good) case in point is…
一个（恰当的）例子是……
4) Perhaps the most well-known/important/convincing/interesting example is…
也许最为人所知/ 重要/ 有说服力/ 有趣的例子是……
5) …is frequently quoted/cited/taken as an illustration of…
人们经常举……来证明……
6) There is abundant evidence to support…
有足够的证据支持……
7) The latest survey/studies conducted by ... indicates/reveals/shows/ that...
最近由……进行的调查/ 研究表明……
典型段落1
Hard work is more important than the innate talent. For example, my friend John is a great piano player though he is not really gifted, because he practices playing piano almost every day.
分析：努力工作比天分更重要。怎么来说明这个道理？最好的办法就是举例。举什么？举我的朋友约翰。虽然他天分不怎么样，但他依然弹得好，因为他天天练习。这个例子很直接地说明了努力比天分更重要。
典型段落2
One benefit machines have brought to us is that it saves us huge amount of time. In the case of making a pair of shoes, almost 70% of manufacturing time could be reduced if it were mass-produced according to some research findings.
机器带给我们的好处之一是节约我们的时间。怎么说明这个道理？仍然是举例。大规模批量生产鞋子，可以节约70% 的生产时间。这个例子也很有力地说明了论点。
有形的举例比较容易，老雅在创作真题范文时，也曾多次应用到这个策略。请看：
1. More significantly, living with people of different ethnic groups will enable us to become more understanding and tolerant, which is, of course, very important to a peaceful world. In my neighborhood, for example, there are people from China, India and Africa. During Chinese New Year Holidays, we invite our Indian and African friends to our house and show them how Chinese people spend their Spring Festival. Our Indian neighbors teach us how to play cricket, which is their national sports and African friends show us the beautiful dances particular to their culture. In this way, we share what we have and learn what we do not, and our neighborhood is always happy and full of joy.（“唐老雅英语写作工作室”公众号，2016年4月4日）
2. On the one hand, many people hold the opinion that healthcare should be free. They argue that, if the healthcare is free, people will not have to worry about the expensive healthcare expenses. This is particularly important for those economically under-privileged. With free healthcare, they can go to hospital whenever they find there is anything wrong with their health without worrying about money. This will, of course, enhance their sense of well-being and the entire society will become much more harmonious. My uncle is a good example. He developed T.B. when he was at his 50s. He would be dead now but for the free healthcare policy practiced in the region where he lives. Now he and his family are very much grateful to the local government and would do everything for it.（“唐老雅英语写作工作室”公众号，2016年3月20日）
举例高分策略
老雅在多年雅思写作教学中，总结出了以下举例的高分策略：
策略1：高度浓缩，直指需要论证问题的核心。
策略2：多为复杂句，包含比较丰富、具体的内容。
策略3：一般用1 句，也可用“1 短句 +1 长句”的组合。
典型段落1
Some students use websites which offer ready-made assignments. This is not a good idea, even if you ignore the fact that it is cheating, because such websites may contain factual errors or biased views. In a recent case, a student found herself in serious trouble when she submitted an essay from one of these sites only to discover that it was about Austria, not Australia, but had an error in the title.（来源：雅思官方9 分范文）
这里需要论证网络上获取的信息可能不准确。怎么论证？举例。怎么举例？一位同学惹上了麻烦，为什么呢？因为她从网站上弄了一篇文章，然后提交给了老师，却发现，这文章标题弄错了，不是澳大利亚，而是奥地利。看！这个例子中内容多么丰富，多么具体。原文用in a recent case（=for example) 引导出一个长例子。如果我们这样来写这个例子，各位看看差距在哪里？
For example, a student got an essay from one website and then submitted it to the professor. Then she discovered that it had an error in the title. It was about Austria, not Australia. The student found herself in serious trouble.
信息与原文完全一致，但这里众多分散的短句给人的感觉就不是在举例来说明前面的论点，而是在讲述这个例子本身了。
典型段落2
Sometimes the most talented person can make for（走向；成为）one of the most ineffective managers. You can see this in sports, for example, where retired superstars often find it difficult to coach or manage successfully because they are now supervising lesser mortals that weren’t blessed with the same degree of innate talent. (BBC, May 28, 2014)
这里要论证的是：最有才华的人可能成为最糟糕的经理。举运动员为例：那些退役的超级球星往往很难成功地经营管理，因为他们现在管理的这些人的天赋远不及他们。
好，我们来模仿一下：
Sometimes young people can do a better job than their older counterparts in leading a team forward. You can see this in IT sector, for example, where the old people often find it impossible to head a team because their past experience and expertise fall out too soon to be useful any more.
这里要论证，年轻人比老年人更适合当领导。举IT业为例：老年人的经验在IT业中很快就过时无用了，因此很难领导一个团队。
典型段落3
We need an authoritative voice telling people to take breaks in your days, to slow down. I remember I met once with a young person, 21 years old, who said every time she tried to study or focus she would find herself staring at the clouds and trees. Later I found she did not have any disorder; what she really needed was nothing else but a break. (Chicago Tribune, August 18, 2015)
这里需要论证的是：人们需要休息，需要慢下来。用个人经历来论证。有次遇到一个21岁的年轻人，她说自己工作的时候就眼冒金星。后来我发现她没有病，她需要的就是休息。这样的举例纯粹就是耍流氓，管它有无其事，你只需要若无其事地编得真有其事即可（随带添点细节，比如这里特别注明了年龄，读起来就好像真有那么回事，其实都可能是乱编的！）。
学生习作及修改
The situation would be better if people really tried their best to save the creature. Panda is a good example. Panda is a typical endangered animal which only lives in China. The number of Panda used to be less than 200. Nevertheless, the lovely appearance of panda attract the world’s attention. It is favoured by people all over the world. Finally, though it is still endangered, the number of panda grows to 1000. According to these, it is obvious that the situation can be changed.
这里的论点是：如果我们尽力挽救动物，动物灭绝的情形就会改变。怎么论证？该同学举了熊猫的例子。她的思路是这样的：熊猫是一种濒危动物，只有中国才有。熊猫以前的数量不足200。然而，熊猫的可爱模样吸引了世界的注意力。全世界的人都喜欢熊猫。最后，虽然还是濒危动物，但其数量增长到了1000。这就说明，情形显然是可以改变的。这个举例内容很合适，完全说明了观点，举例的语言大体也清楚，这样的作文可得6分，若要更上一层楼，必须改进，按照老雅刚才的高分举例标准进行改造：最多两句话，重点内容用主句，细节用从句。老雅这样改写：
The situation would be better if people really tried their best to save the creature. Panda is a good example. As an endangered species found only in China, the Panda has grown in number from 200 a decade ago to 1000 today, thanks to the protection from people all over the world attracted by their lovely appearance.