假发的故事
文/王逢鑫
1979年秋，我与北京大学法语教授张冠尧先生在南斯拉夫担任联合国教科文26届大会同声传译，在贝尔格莱德生活了70多天。当时，我国物资供应尚不充裕，有些东西买不到。他要为妻子买假发，我们不知道如何用斯拉夫语说“假发”这个词。用英语说wig，售货员不懂；用法语说perruque，售货员还是不懂。我们在头上比画，售货员就拿来一堆帽子或头巾。我们急中生智，到书店找到一本英语和斯拉夫语的双语词典，去查wig在斯拉夫语中的对等词。我们请店员教给我们正确发音，学会用斯拉夫语说“假发”这个词。但是我们在贝尔格莱德还是找不到卖假发的。原来当时假发在南斯拉夫也是奢侈品，自然无处可买。
“秃头”或“秃顶”，英语可以译为bald，即having little or no hair on the head。例如：
1. The man rubbed his bald head thoughtfully.
这个男子若有所思地摩挲他的秃头。
2. The old man took off his hat and revealed his shiny/glowing bald pate.
这位老者摘掉帽子，露出光亮的秃顶。
3. A band of grey hair encircled the middle-aged man’s bald dome.
这个中年男子的秃顶四周长着一圈灰白头发。
4. The actor shaved his head off in order to portray a bald man.
为扮演一个秃头男子，这个演员把自己的头发剃光了。
5. The young man asked the barber to shave his head bald.
这个小伙子要理发师给他剃个秃瓢儿。
6. The young man came back home from the barber’s shop as bald as a coot.
这个小伙子从理发店回到家中，脑袋剃得光光的。
英语中有些与bald有关的谚语：
7. Too much knowledge makes the head bald.
聪明的脑袋不长毛。
8. A bald head is soon shaven.
秃脑袋，剃得快。
“变秃”或“谢顶”，英语可以译为to bald、to go bald、to grow bald。例如：
9. When I looked into the mirror, I found I was starting to bald noticeably.
当我照镜子时，我发现我开始明显地变秃了。
10. The man started going bald on top in his early twenties owing to illness.
由于生病，这位男士在20岁刚出头时就开始谢顶了。
人们最初为了遮掩秃顶（covering one’s baldness），给人好的印象，就发明了假发（wig），男女都适用。例如：
11. A wig is an artificial covering made from human hair, animal hair, or synthetic fibre for the whole head, used to hide one’s lack of hair.
假发是由人发、动物毛发或合成纤维制造的遮盖整个头顶的人造发套，用来遮掩秃发。
12. When the man went completely bald, he decided to cover his bald head with a wig.
当这个男子完全变秃后，他决定戴顶假发遮掩他的秃头。
13. A strong wind suddenly blew his wig off.
一阵强风突然吹掉了他的假发。
14. The actor was embarrassed on the stage when he completely forgot his lines, and then his wig fell off.
当那位演员完全忘了台词, 接着假发也掉了下来时，他在舞台上很尴尬。
“戴假发”，英语可以译为to wear a wig、to be wigged、to have a wig on。例如：
15. The lady used to wear a wig when she was invited to attend a party.
过去，当这位女士应邀参加聚会时，通常都戴假发。
16. When the judges appeared in court, they were all wigged and robed.
这几位法官出庭时，都头戴假发，身穿长袍。
“戴假发的”，英语可以译为wigged或bewigged。例如：
17. The wigged gentleman sitting opposite me, was staring at the ceiling of the hall.
坐在我对面的那位戴假发的先生在凝视大厅的天花板。
toupee是遮盖男士秃发处的专用假发。例如：
18. Toupee is a small artificial piece of hair specially shaped to fix exactly over a place on a man’s head where the hair no longer grows.
男士假发是一小片人造毛发，造型正好适宜戴在男士头发变秃的地方。
19. When the middle-aged man grew bald, he bought a toupee and wore it to cover his baldness.
当这个中年男子渐渐变秃时，他买了一个假发，戴上遮盖秃顶。
作为一种化妆手段，戴假发也可以遮掩真发（hiding one’s real hair），以改善甚至美化形象。wig具有“装饰”（ornament）的功能，是一种时尚（fashion）。例如：
20. The actress wore a black wig over her blonde hair.
这个女演员在她的金发上套了黑色假发。
21. The blonde wig completely altered the appearance of the actress.
这个金黄色假发完全改变了这位女演员的外貌。
戴假发，还可以改变一个人的形象，便于乔装打扮。wig还具有“伪装”（disguise）的功能。例如：
22. The detective disguised himself with a wig and false beard.
这个侦探用假发和假胡须来乔装自己。
23. The female special agent disguised herself with a blonde wig and dark glasses.
这个女特工戴金色假发和墨镜来乔装自己。
24. The bald woman had a wig on, but we soon penetrated her disguise.
这个秃头妇女头戴假发，但是我们很快就看穿了她的伪装。
25. A suit of woman’s clothes and a wig formed the secret policeman’s disguise.
一套女装和一个假发构成这个秘密警察的伪装。
由于wig可以产生庄严、郑重的效果，西方从事某些职业的人在正式场合戴假发。wig 还具有“礼仪性”（ceremoniousness）的功能。例如：
26. In England, judges and barristers wore old-fashioned white wigs in law-court.
在英格兰，法官和出庭律师在法庭上头戴旧式白色假发。
如上所述，戴假发本来是为了遮盖秃顶，后来增添了许多功能。例如：
27. Wearing a wig can be a ceremonious act, an elegant gesture in the ritual of dressing.
戴假发可以是一种礼仪性举动，一种着装礼制的优雅举止。
28. A wig is often worn for fashion or other reasons, including cultural tradition and religious observance.
人们常常为了时尚或其他理由戴假发，包括文化传统和宗教仪式。
随着科学技术的发展，现在人们可以做毛发移植（hair transplant）或毛发再生（hair restoration）手术，不必戴假发。例如：
29. Not every woman is a candidate for hair transplant surgery. A transplant performed on a woman who is not a qualified candidate can lead to the worsening of her existing condition.
不是每一个女性都适宜做毛发移植手术。对不适宜的女性做移植手术，可能导致其现有病情恶化。
30. The hair restoration surgeon is dedicated to performing state-of-the-art hair transplant surgery.
这位毛发再生外科医生致力于最先进水平的毛发移植手术。
下面一段话记叙wig这个词的来历：The word wig is short for “periwig” or “peruke”, the latter of which was derived from the French word “perruque”. Periwigs were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles when Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660. The word “wig” first appeared in the English language around 1675. Wigs were worn by men as a fashionable ornament in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.
wig这个词是periwig或peruke的缩略语，后者源自法语单词perruque。查理二世在1660年复辟重登宝座时，“假发”连同其他法国时尚传入讲英语的国家。wig这个词在1675年左右首次出现在英语之中。17和18世纪，欧洲男士将假发当作一种时尚装饰。