Stratificational Grammar

层次语法

A linguistic theory devised by the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb (b.1929), as expounded initially in Outline of Stratificational Grammar (1962), which models language as a system of several related layers (or strata) of structure. Six strata are recognized for English and many other languages: the component of phonology comprises the hypophonemic (or phonetic) and phonemic strata; grammar comprises morphemic and lexemic strata; and semology comprises the sememic and hypersememic (or semantic) strata. Each stratum is organized in terms of a set of stratal systems, and each system deals with an aspect of linguistic structure which has to be stated independently of the structures operating at other strata. Two types of patterning are recognized: tactic analysis (the patterns of sequential arrangement within each stratum) and realizational analysis (the relationship between units operating at higher and lower levels between strata). A parallel terminology is used for each stratum: there is a ‘hypophonemic / phonemic / morphonemic / lexemic / sememic / hypersememic’ system consisting of various structural patterns (e.g. ‘hypophonotactic / phonotactic’, etc.), defined in terms of ‘hypophonemes / phonemes’, etc., and realized as ‘hypophons / phons / morphons / lexons’, etc.

美国语言学家西德尼·M.兰姆（生于1929）创立的一种语言学理论，最初的阐述见《层次语法纲要》（1962）。这种理论构建的语言模型是几个相关联的结构层面（或“层次”）组成的一个系统。英语和许多其他语言可分出六个层次：音系学部分包括超音位（或语音）和音位两个层次；语法部分包括语素和词位两个层次；意义学部分包括义位和超义位（或语义）两个层次。每个层次的组织是一组“层次系统”，每个系统处理语言结构的一个方面，对这个方面的说明必须独立于其他层次上的结构。还分出两类型式：组配分析（每个层次内的顺序配列型式）和实现分析（层次内较高和较低层面单位之间的关系型式）。每个层次采用对应的术语：有“超音位/音位/语素/词位/义位/超义位”等系统，由相应的结构型式（如“超音位组配/音位组配”等）组成，用“超音位/音位”等来定义，并实现为“超音子/音子/语子/词子”等。