Aspect

体

A category used in the grammatical description of verbs (along with tense and mood), referring primarily to the way the grammar marks the duration or type of temporal activity denoted by the verb. A well- studied aspectual contrast, between perfective and imperfective, is found in many Slavic languages. The English verb phrase makes a formal distinction which is usually analyzed as aspectual: the contrast between progressive (or “continuous”) and “non-progressive” (or simple) duration of action. The contrast between I was living and I have been living, and other uses of the have auxiliary, are also often analyzed in aspectual terms, but this analysis is more controversial. Other English constructions have sometimes been analyzed in terms of aspect, e.g. involving habitual contrasts (as in used to); and in other languages further aspectual distinctions may be found, e.g. “iterative” or “frequentative” (referring to a regularly occurring action), “inchoative” or “inceptive” (referring to the beginning of an action).

对动词作语法描写的一个范畴（其他范畴有时和语气），主要指语法所标记的由动词表示的实践活动的长短或类型。完成体和未完成体的对立是研究较深入的一种“体”对立，见于许多斯拉夫语言。英语动词短语有一种形式区别通常分析为体的区别：动作的进行体（或“持续体”）和“非进行体”（或简单体）的对立。I was living“我当时活着”和I have been living“我至今一直活着”的对立，以及助动词have的其他用法，也常按体来分析，但是对这种分析是有争议的。其他英语构式有时也按体来分析，例如惯常体（如用 used to“过去常常”）。其他语言里还能见到其他的体区别，例如“反复体”或“重复体”（指动作习惯性地反复），“起始体”或“开始体”（指动作的开始）。