双语资料:《伟大的跨越:西藏民主改革60年》白皮书(三)
发布时间:2019年05月09日
发布人:nanyuzi  

四、实现了人民当家作主

IV. The People Have Become Masters of Their Own Affairs

 

民主改革彻底废除了政教合一的封建农奴制,使西藏社会制度发生了根本性变化,实现了历史飞跃。通过改革,百万农奴翻身解放,获得了人身自由,成了新社会的主人。改革的全面完成,为在西藏建立社会主义制度打下了坚实基础。

Through democratic reform, feudal serfdom under theocracy in Tibet was abolished completely, bringing fundamental changes to the Tibetan social system. It was a historic leap. Due to democratic reform, about one million serfs were liberated. They gained personal freedom and became masters of the new society. The completion of the reform laid a solid foundation for the establishment of socialism in Tibet.

 

——百万农奴翻身解放获得人身自由

– One million serfs were liberated and gained personal freedom.

 

民主改革废除了封建土地所有制,农奴不再被当作农奴主的私有财产随意支配,农奴主对农奴的人身占有失去赖以存在的基础。

When feudal land ownership was abolished in democratic reform, serfs were no longer treated arbitrarily by serf owners as their private property, and the personal ownership of serfs by serf owners came to an end.

 

民主改革砸碎了侵犯农奴生存、婚嫁、流动、居住、劳动、人身自由、人格尊严、接受教育等权利的制度枷锁,百万农奴实现了真正的人身解放。美国著名作家安娜·路易斯·斯特朗在《百万农奴站起来》一书中记录了受访农奴对获得人身自由的描述:“我原来总想送儿子上学识字,学点手艺,如裁缝什么的,可在过去是不可能的。如今他已在内地上学了,将来回来,会成为有技术的工人,他再也不用像我那样,被繁重的负担压弯了腰。”

Tibet’s democratic reform destroyed the institutional shackles which infringed serfs’ rights to subsistence, marriage, migration, residence, work, personal freedom, human dignity, and education. Thanks to this reform, one million serfs gained true personal freedom. Anna Louise Strong, a renowned American journalist and activist, included the remarks by a serf interviewee in her book When Serfs Stood up in Tibet: “Always I wanted to send my son to school to learn to read and to have some trade like a tailor. This was impossible, but now my son has gone to study in the interior and when he comes back he will be a skilled worker for a factory. He will not be weighed down by all those things that weighed down my head.”

 

民主改革废除了寺庙的一切封建特权。僧尼获得了平等权利和自由掌握自己命运的权利,许多处于底层的僧尼冲破束缚,还俗返家。仅甘丹寺就有300多名要求回家或就地还俗的僧人,政府按照路途远近分别发给足够的路费和安家费。同时,将要求参加工作的13名青年僧人介绍到拉萨百货公司当售货员,选送了一些年幼的僧人去学校读书。对于愿意继续留在甘丹寺的312名僧人,做了保障日常生活的安排。民主改革还废除了寺庙向宗(县)、谿卡(庄园)、部落摊派僧额的制度,禁止寺庙强迫群众当僧人。

Through democratic reform, all feudal privileges of monasteries were annulled. Monks and nuns gained equal rights and the right to be the masters of their own destiny. Many of those who were at the bottom of the hierarchy broke free of their religious bondage and resumed secular life. In Ganden Monastery alone, more than 300 monks demanded to return home or resume secular life in the surrounding areas of the monastery. The local government granted them the fare for their journey home and a settlement allowance. It also found jobs for 13 young monks who asked for employment at the Lhasa Department Store Company, and sent some child monks to school. As to the 312 monks who wanted to stay at the monastery, the local government made arrangements to ensure their daily life. In democratic reform, the system by which monasteries assigned monk and nun quotas to counties, manors and tribes was abolished. Monasteries were prohibited from coercing people to become monks or nuns.

 

——建立人民政权行使当家作主权利

– People’s governments were established at various levels for the people to exercise their rights.

 

1959年3月28日,国务院宣布解散西藏地方政府,与此同时,昌都地区人民解放委员会、班禅堪布会议厅委员会也相继被撤销和结束工作。自此,西藏结束了几种政权并存的局面。在西藏自治区筹备委员会的领导下,西藏各级人民政权逐步建立。1959年7月中旬,西藏第一个乡级农会凯松农民协会和第一个县级农会乃东县农民协会先后成立。昔日的农奴当选为农会主席和农会委员,带领广大群众进行民主改革。到1960年底,西藏建立乡级政权1009个,区级政权283个,县级政权78个,专区(市)级政权8个,藏族和其他少数民族干部达到1万多人,4400多名翻身农奴成为基层干部。1961年下半年,西藏各地开始实行普选,获得翻身的广大农奴彻底改变了昔日“会说话的工具”的地位,第一次以主人翁的姿态登上西藏的政治舞台,成为新西藏的主人,开始享有宪法和有关法律所赋予的旧社会所没有的最广泛的民主权利,以高涨的政治热情投入到选举工作中,选举产生了基层各级权力机关和政府。在西藏历史上,首次实现了通过行使选举权和被选举权,民主选举产生各级地方政权。到1965年7月,普选工作基本完成,普选出的2600多名人民代表中,贫困农奴就有2200人。江孜县的选民把选民证称作“当家作主证”,把选举看成一件大喜事,积极主动地参加人民代表的选举工作。

On March 28, 1959, the State Council announced that the government of Tibet was dissolved. The Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee and the Panchen Kampus Assembly were also abolished, thus ending the coexistence of political powers of different nature. Under the leadership of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region, people’s governments were gradually set up at various levels. In mid-July, 1959, the first township-level peasants’ association, known as the Peasants’ Association of Khesum Village, and the first county-level peasants’ association, known as the Peasants’ Association of Nedong County, were established. Former serfs were elected as chairs or members of the associations, leading the people to conduct democratic reform. By the end of 1960, Tibet had established 1,009 organs of state power at township level, 283 at district level, 78 at county level and eight at prefecture (city) level. The number of officials from Tibetan and other minority ethnic groups totaled over 10,000. More than 4,400 liberated serfs became officials at community level. In the second half of 1961, a general election was held all over Tibet. For the first time, the former serfs were no longer regarded as “speaking tools”, and emerged on the political stage as the masters of the new Tibet.

 

1965年8月25日,全国人大常委会举行第十五次会议,批准国务院提出成立西藏自治区的议案。1965年9月1日至9日,西藏召开第一届人民代表大会第一次会议,成立了西藏自治区,选举产生了西藏自治区人民委员会。阿沛·阿旺晋美当选为自治区人民委员会主席,一大批翻身农奴担任了自治区各级政权机关的领导职务。西藏自治区及其自治机关的成立,实现了西藏社会制度从政教合一的封建农奴制度向人民民主的社会主义制度的历史性跨越,标志着西藏建立了人民民主政权,开始全面实行民族区域自治制度。1979年,西藏自治区第三届人民代表大会第二次会议选举产生了西藏自治区人民代表大会常务委员会。

Now enjoying the broadest possible democratic rights endowed by the Constitution and other laws that they had never had in the pre-liberation society, former serfs engaged in elections with great enthusiasm, and elected organs and governments at various levels. For the first time in the history of Tibet, local governments at various levels were elected in a democratic way through people’s exercise of their right to vote and to stand for election. By July 1965, general elections had been basically completed. Among the 2,600-plus deputies elected to the people’s congresses, 2,200 were former impoverished serfs. In Gyantse County, voters called their electoral certificates “masters’ certificates”. They saw elections as joyous events and actively participated in the elections of deputies to the people’s congresses. On August 25, 1965, the bill to establish the Tibet Autonomous Region, tabled by the State Council, was approved at the 15th Session of the Standing Committee of the Third National People’s Congress. From September 1 to 9, 1965, the First Session of the First People’s Congress of Tibet was held. At this session, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established, and the People’s Committee of the autonomous region came into being by election. Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme was elected chairman of the Committee. A large number of liberated serfs held leading posts in organs of political power at various levels of the Region. The establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region and the organs of self-government of the Region realized the historic leap from theocratic feudal serfdom to people’s democratic socialism, and signified that Tibet had set up a people’s democratic government and begun to exercise thorough-going regional ethnic autonomy. In 1979, the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region was elected at the Second Session of the Third People’s Congress of the Region.

 

根据《中华人民共和国宪法》《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》等法律的规定,西藏各族人民充分享有选举权和被选举权。自1978年以来,西藏依法进行了11次乡级、10次县级和8次设区的市级以上的人大代表选举。西藏各族人民直接选举县(区)、乡(镇)人民代表大会的代表,这些代表又选举出自治区人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会代表,西藏各族人民通过各级人民代表大会行使管理国家事务和地区事务的权利。目前,西藏自治区有35963名各级人大代表,其中藏族和其他少数民族占92.18%。自治区人大及其常委会坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一,从法律上制度上保证和发展西藏各族人民当家作主,保证各族人民依法享有广泛权利和自由,扩大公民有序政治参与。支持和保障人大代表依法履职,保持同人大代表和人民群众的密切联系,对人民负责,受人民监督,维护西藏各族人民的根本利益,促进人的全面发展。据统计,自治区成立以来,自治区人大及其常委会共制定、批准地方性法规和作出具有法规性质的决议决定300余件,切实履行了民族区域自治地方的自治权,自治区各方面工作已经实现有法可依,推动法治西藏建设取得巨大成就。2009年1月19日,西藏自治区九届人大二次会议顺应人民群众的政治意愿,表决通过了《西藏自治区人民代表大会关于设立西藏百万农奴解放纪念日的决定》,决定将每年的3月28日设立为西藏百万农奴解放纪念日,以纪念西藏百万农奴翻身获得解放。

According to the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People’s Republic of China, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet fully enjoy the right to vote and to stand for election. Since 1978, Tibet has held 11 elections of deputies to the people’s congresses at township level, 10 at county level, and eight at the level of municipalities having subordinate districts. The people in Tibet can directly elect, in accordance with the law, deputies to the people’s congresses at county (district) and township (town) levels, and these elected deputies will then elect deputies to the people’s congresses at the autonomous regional and national levels. Through the people’s congresses at various levels, the people of Tibet exercise their right to participation in the administration of state and local affairs. Currently, there are 35,963 deputies to the people’s congresses at all levels in Tibet. Among them, deputies from the Tibetan and other minority ethnic groups account for 92.18 percent. Upholding the organic unity of Party leadership, the running of the country by the people, and law-based governance, the People’s Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee guarantee and develop the rights of the people of all ethnic groups to be their own masters through legislative and institutional channels, ensure that the people of all ethnic groups enjoy broad rights and freedom, and expand citizens’ orderly political participation. They provide support for the deputies to the people’s congresses to perform their duties in accordance with the law. Maintaining close ties with the deputies and the people, they take responsibility for the people and accept their oversight. They work to safeguard the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet and promote well-rounded human development. Since the establishment of the autonomous region in 1965, the People’s Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee have enacted or approved more than 300 local regulations, resolutions, and decisions of a regulatory nature. In so doing, they have fulfilled the rights of autonomy of the localities enjoying regional ethnic autonomy. Now, work in various respects in Tibet has been law-based, and great progress has been made in promoting rule of law in the Region. On January 19, 2009, the Second Session of the Ninth Regional People’s Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region voted and adopted the Decision of the People’s Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region to Establish the Commemoration Day for the Liberation of One Million Serfs in Tibet. According to the decision, March 28 was designated as the day to commemorate the event.

 

——充分保障各族人民参政议政的权利

– The rights of the people of all ethnic groups to participate in the deliberation and administration of state affairs have been fully guaranteed.

 

为切实保障社会各界参政议政权利,1959年12月,政协西藏自治区委员会成立。根据《中国人民政治协商会议章程》,政协西藏自治区委员会依法履行政治协商、民主监督、参政议政职能,在西藏民主改革、社会主义建设、改革开放进程中发挥了重要作用。仅政协第十届西藏自治区委员会就围绕西藏制定实施“十三五”规划、加快重点项目建设、发展特色优势产业、发展非公有制经济等方面共提出提案2401件,立案2347件。在西藏各级人民政治协商会议中,各阶层广泛参与,充分发挥作用。如政协第十一届西藏自治区委员会518个委员中,宗教界(佛协)80人,排名第一;民族界64人,排名第二。

To fully ensure that people from all walks of life have the right to participate in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, the Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was established in December 1959. According to the Charter of the CPPCC, the CPPCC Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee performs the duties of political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, and plays an important role in democratic reform, socialist construction, and reform and opening up in Tibet. Focusing on formulating the 13th Five-year Plan of the Region, accelerating the construction of key projects, developing industries with local characteristics and strengths, and developing non-public economic sectors, the 10th CPPCC Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee alone made 2,401 proposals, among which 2,347 were accepted for deliberation. At the sessions of the CPPCC committees at all levels in Tibet, people of all social strata have broad participation and play their role to the full extent. For instance, among the 518 members of the 11th CPPCC Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee, 80 – the highest number – are representatives of religious groups (Buddhist associations), and 64 are from ethnic minority groups, the second-highest number.

 

基层民主政治建设也不断发展和完善。民主改革后,西藏各级人民政权相继建立。1980年,西藏全区开展了乡级直接选举,1984年后扩大到县。1987年,西藏自治区作出《关于加强基层政权建设的决定》和《关于加强农牧区基层党组织建设的决定》。经过多年探索,西藏逐步发展形成了农牧区基层民主制度。农村建立了村民代表会议制度。城市社区全部建立了社区居民代表大会、社区居委会等社区组织,为社区居民自治提供了充分的组织保证。在企事业单位,职工代表大会制度广泛推行。截至2018年底,全区有基层工会组织5756个,工会会员497082人。

Community-level democracy is developing and improving. After democratic reform, people’s governments at all levels were established in Tibet. In 1980, direct elections were held at township level all over Tibet, and they were expanded to county level starting from 1984. In 1987, the Tibet Autonomous Region issued the Decision on Strengthening the Development of Community-level Power Organs and the Decision on Strengthening Community-level Party Organizations in Farming and Pastoral Areas. Through years of experimentation, Tibet has gradually developed and formed community-level democratic systems in farming and pastoral areas. In rural areas, the system of villagers’ representative meetings has been established. In urban communities, community residents’ congresses and community committees have been set up, providing a solid organizational guarantee for the self-governance of urban residents. In enterprises and public institutions, the system of employees’ congresses is widely practiced. As of the end of 2018, there were 5,756 community-level workers’ unions, having 497,082 members.

 

通过民主改革,西藏社会各界人士有了参与国家事务管理的权利。1959年7月,区、地两级行政机关含上层人士565人,其中贵族、官员和宗教界人士415人。在后来的西藏自治区人民政府中,曾有两位副主席吉普·平措次登和拉巴平措,都出生在吉普庄园,但在旧西藏,前者是农奴主,后者是农奴,而在人民政府里都当选为自治区副主席,成了共同参与人民政府决策的同事。民主改革使妇女获得了政治权利,广大妇女通过参加各级人民代表大会选举、担任各级领导干部、成立妇女组织等积极参政。担任全国妇联副主席的巴桑和中国文联副主席的才旦卓玛,是妇女界参政议政的典型代表。就连出生在拉萨一个大贵族家庭、曾担任西藏自治区政协副主席的唐麦·贡觉白姆都说:“在旧社会封建农奴制度下,连地方政府噶伦的夫人,在政治方面都没有过问的权利,那都是男人的事情。西藏和平解放以后,男女平等了,女人也有权利了,这方面变化很大。”

Through democratic reform, people from all walks of life in Tibet have gained the right to participate in the administration of state affairs. In July 1959, there were 565 members of the upper class working in the executive organs of the government at district and prefectural levels. Among them, 415 were aristocrats, officials of former government, or religious figures. In the People’s Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region, a former serf owner and a former serf were successively elected to the post of vice chair. They were Kyibuk Phuntsog-Tseten and Lhagpa Phuntshogs. Both of them were born at the Kyibuk Manor prior to the liberation, and they became colleagues participating in decision making in the people’s government of the autonomous region. Through democratic reform, women were empowered with political rights. They took an active part in political affairs by participating in elections of the people’s congresses of various levels, serving as leading officials at various levels, and establishing women’s organizations. Pasang, a former vice president of the All-China Women’s Federation, and Tseten Dolma, a former vice president of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, are outstanding representatives of women participating in the management of public affairs. Thangme Konchog-Palmo, a former vice chairwoman of the CPPCC Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee, was born into an aristocratic family in Lhasa. She made the following comments: “Under the feudal serfdom of the old society, even the wives of the kalons of the local government had no political rights, which were enjoyed exclusively by men. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, men and women became equal. Women are empowered with rights. This was a huge change.”