2020 Marks a Turning Point for Nature’s Role in Climate Solutions
2020气候行动：大自然的关键角色
Global biodiversity talks in China this year will highlight nature-based solutions that could meet one-third of Paris Agreement climate goal by 2030
基于自然的解决方案将在中国昆明举行的全球生物多样性会议上受到重视
Nature-based solutions (NBS) are actions to protect and sustainably manage natural ecosystems. They are crucial for rising to numerous social and environmental challenges, especially the climate crisis.
基于自然的解决方案（NBS）指保护自然生态系统，并对其进行可持续管理的行动，是人类应对诸多社会和环境挑战（特别是气候危机）所不可缺少的。
NBS can mitigate some 12 gigatonnes of CO2 per year, contributing a third of what is needed by 2030 to keep global average temperature rise on course for less than 2C, according to the UN’s Global Compact.
据联合国全球契约统计，基于自然的解决方案每年可减少约120亿吨二氧化碳排放，是2030年之前将全球平均气温上升控制在2摄氏度以内所需减排量的三分之一。
This makes them essential to helping countries meet that Paris Agreement target, decarbonise their economies and build resilience in a climate-changed world.
这意味着它们在帮助各国实现《巴黎协定》目标、促进经济去碳化、建设抵御气候变化能力方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
“Many countries and regions are suffering from the impact of climate change and we need to take actions to enhance cooperation to encourage ambition and transparency,” Ma Aimin, deputy director general of China’s National Center for Climate Strategy and International Cooperation (NCSC), told the UN’s climate conference in Madrid in December.
“许多国家和地区正遭受气候变化的影响，我们需要采取行动，加强合作，提振气候雄心，提高透明度，”中国国家应对气候变化战略研究和国际合作中心副主任马爱民去年12月在马德里参加联合国气候大会时说。
China is seeking to build support for NBS as it hosts crunch talks to protect biodiversity, known as COP15, in Kunming later this year. The first draft of a new set of 20 conservation goals, to replace the unmet Aichi targets, was released on January 12 and notes: “Biodiversity, and the benefits it provides, is fundamental to human well-being and a healthy planet.”
今年晚些时候联合国《生物多样性公约》第15届缔约方大会将在云南昆明举行，中国正在努力为NBS寻求支持。1月12日，一套新的保护目标初稿发布，其中包括20个新目标，从而取代未能实现的爱知目标，文件称：“生物多样性及其带来的益处对人类福祉和地球健康至关重要。”
NBS feature in a number of the proposed new targets. As well as mitigating around 30% of the carbon emitted into the atmosphere, nature benefits people worldwide by improving nutrition, providing clean water, and contributing to greater resilience against natural disasters, the document says.
拟议的新目标中有好几条都涉及基于自然的解决方案。文件指出，自然不仅能减少大气中30%的碳排放，还能改善营养、提供清洁水、提高抵御自然灾害的能力，进而造福全人类。
The summit will look to agree a new set of conservation goals to replace the unmet Aichi targets. At the September 2019 Climate Action Summit in New York, China and New Zealand launched the “Nature-Based Coalition”.
大会希望达成一套新的保护目标来取代未能实现的“爱知目标”。2019年9月，中国和新西兰在纽约举行的联合国气候行动峰会上共同发起了“NBS联盟”。
“[China] has supported the [NBS] workstream with great success. I hope we can define new and more effective targets at COP15 in Kunming,” he said.
“（中国）对（NBS）工作流的支持取得了巨大成功，”世界自然基金会气候与能源业务负责人曼努埃尔·普尔加-维达尔表示。“我希望我们能够在昆明生物多样性大会上确定更有效的新目标。”他说。
NBS in China and worldwide
全球方案
Governments, NGOs and civil society are working together to raise targets and commitments on climate but there is more to do, according to Ma.
马爱民称，政府、非政府组织和民间社会正在合作提高气候目标和承诺，但要做的工作还很多。
“We need to scale up the nationally determined contributions [countries’ national climate plans] for mitigation, resilience and adaptation in key areas such as restoration of forests, agriculture, food security, and protection of biodiversity. We also need climate governance and to promote green finance incentives,” he said.
“我们需要提升（关于气候变化的）国家自主贡献，提高森林修复、农业、粮食安全、生物多样性保护等关键领域减缓、适应和抵御气候变化的能力。我们还需要加强气候治理，推广绿色金融激励措施，”他说。
One example of NBS in China is the conservation of mangroves, which capture carbon and protect coastlines from erosion and severe climate impacts. It is one of a number of natural marine solutions to a heating planet.
中国的红树林保护就是一个例子。红树林能够固碳、保护海岸线免受侵蚀、抵御严重的气候影响，是应对全球变暖的海洋自然解决方案之一。
Most of China’s mangroves cling to the coasts of southern Chinese provinces Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Mangrove restorations have been conducted “spontaneously” since the 1950s by local communities in south China, according to Chen Guangcheng from China’s Ministry of Natural Resources. Since the first national mangrove reserve was created in Hainan in the 1980s, China now has 52 protected areas, covering 15,944 mangrove swamps.
中国的红树林大部分都分布在广东、广西和海南沿海。据国家自然资源部的陈光程介绍，上世纪50年代当地社区就开始“自发”修复红树林。自80年代首个国家红树林保护区在海南成立至今，中国已设立了52个红树林保护区，覆盖红树林沼泽15944个。
Wang Yi at the Chinese Academy of Sciences said a bottom-up approach is crucial in order to share and build best practices on nature-based solutions.
中国科学院的专家王毅称，自下而上的方法对于分享和建立NBS最佳实践至关重要。
Wang also advocates what he calls a “greener value chain”, lessening the impacts of food and forest products, including their processing and transport footprints.
他还提倡“更加绿色的价值链”，减少食物和森林产品的影响，包括加工和运输足迹。
Pulgar-Vidal said indigenous stewardship of natural resources is vital for the advancement of NBS. “Now it is clear that protected areas are a key element, and the management [of] forests by indigenous people [is] showing just how strong it can be to bring climate solutions that are based on nature.”
普尔加-维达尔认为，当地民众对自然资源的管理是NBS发展的关键所在。“显然，保护区是一个关键因素；当地人对森林的管理告诉我们，基于自然的气候解决方案非常强大。”
The new draft targets for the protection of biodiversity recognise the importance of traditional knowledge and practice in managing ecosystems and in sharing the benefits of genetic resources.
此次新的生物多样性保护目标初稿认识到了传统知识和实践在生态系统管理以及遗传资源惠益共享方面的重要性。
He said he was sure China is prioritising NBS and would like to see related initiatives feature in the next Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for national development, as well as climate and biodiversity considerations in trade along the Belt and Road Initiative.
他说自己确信中国正在重点推动基于自然的解决方案，并希望能在下一个“五年规划”（2021—2025）中看到相关的国家发展举措，以及在“一带一路”沿线贸易中看到气候和生物多样性相关的考量。
“We don’t want to see China exporting obsolete technology, but clean, green technology,” he said.
“我们希望看到中国出口的技术是绿色和清洁的，而不是过时的，”他说。
Protecting forests through sustainable trade
通过可持续贸易保护森林
Chinese authorities and companies are also mindful of the need to improve sustainability when importing timber from tropical forests.
中国政府和企业也意识到需要提高热带地区木材进口的可持续性。
Su Haiyin of China’s National Forestry and Grassland Administration said the country can play “an active role in global forest governance and addressing illegal logging.”
国家林草局的苏海音（音译）表示，中国可以在“全球森林治理和打击非法采伐方面发挥积极作用。”
Chinese companies are under pressure to “adjust and restructure” to a legal and sustainable timber trade with new requirements put forward by the government and new demands from the public, he said.
中国企业也面临着“调整和重组”的压力，从而通过合法、可持续的木材贸易来满足政府出台的新规，以及公众的新需求，他说。
André Guimarães, executive director of Brazil’s Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), said his country has great potential for more environmentally friendly agriculture that protects the Amazon rainforest, home to 15% of the planet’s biodiversity.
巴西亚马逊环境研究所（IPAM）执行主管安德烈·吉玛良斯表示，亚马逊雨林占全球生物多样性的15%。在他的国家开展能够保护这片雨林的生态农业具有巨大潜力。
“Brazil plays an important role in global food, climate and water security. Our agriculture represents more than 20% of the country’s GDP (mostly cattle ranching, soy and cereals). Brazil is the second-largest food exporter, feeding 1.2 billion people every day,” Guimarães said.
“巴西在全球粮食、气候和水安全方面扮演着重要角色，我们国家的农业占到了GDP的20%以上（主要是畜牧养殖、大豆和谷物种植）。巴西是全球第二大粮食出口国，有12亿人每天要靠我们养活，”吉玛良斯说。
Yet land use change and agribusiness are responsible for 70% of greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil, the world’s seventh-largest emitter. On average, Brazil produces less than one head of cattle per hectare of pasture.
然而，巴西70%的温室气体排放是由土地用途的变化和农业综合企业造成的。作为全球第七大温室气体排放国，巴西平均每公顷牧场还养不了一头牛。
“This is extremely low, we have huge room for intensification of pastureland and the beef industry. The forest code is not yet fully implemented and it is fundamental in our legislation to maintain forests on private land,” he said.
“这是非常低的，牧场和牛肉业还有很大的集约化空间。森林法尚未完全实施，维护私有土地上的森林是我们立法的基础，”他说。
Last year saw deforestation increase by 29.5%. More than 90% of Brazil’s deforestation is illegal, according to the National Institute of Space Research (INPE).
去年森林砍伐率增长了29.5%，据巴西国家空间研究所（INPE）的数据显示，该国90%以上的森林砍伐都是非法的。
“It is a major challenge that we have to cope with in the upcoming years. In 2018, about 40% of deforestation occurred on public land and this is a crime,” Guimarães said. He pointed to a correlation between protecting tropical forests and increasing competitiveness in supplying forest-friendly food to the world.
“这是未来几年内我们必须应对的重大挑战，2018年约40%的森林砍伐发生在公共土地上，这是犯罪，”吉玛良斯说。他还指出，保护热带森林和提高森林友好型粮食出口竞争力之间的关联。
“We do believe that dialogue is the way forward to promote the harmonisation of land use in Brazil. We believe it is possible to produce and export more and, at the same time, to conserve and protect natural resources, particularly tropical forests,” he said.
“我们认为，对话是推动巴西土地利用和谐发展的正确道路，在提高生产和出口的同时，节约和保护自然资源，尤其是热带森林是可能实现的，”他说，
As well as market signals, political will is necessary to improve conservation in trade, according to Pulgar-Vidal, who pointed to the benefits of China’s recent ivory ban. “That is the kind of political signal we are seeking [in order] to be effective in the management of nature. Not only for climate purposes but also for nature itself.”
普尔加·维达尔指出，通过贸易改善森林保护不仅需要市场信号，还要有政治意愿。他提到了中国近来颁布象牙禁令带来的益处，“这就是我们在有效管理自然过程中想要的政治信号。不仅出于气候目的，也是为了自然本身。”
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