bust
破产
【例】The bank went bust when some debtors defaulted.
由于一些债务人拖欠债款不还,该银行破产了。
by
【1】（时间）不迟于，到……为止
【例】We are due to deliver the goods by next Thursday.
我们应在下星期四之前交货。
【2】（方式、手段）用，靠
①【例】There is a firm in your district by the name of ABC Trading Co., who have sent us an offer for sewing machines.
贵处有一家名为ABC贸易公司的商号，给我们寄来了缝纫机的报盘。
②by doing sth（接用动名词短语）。
【例】We can sell more shares of stock by offering a dividend.
我们可用分红利的方式售出更多的股票。
【3】由（签署）
【例】商业书信中落款签名时可注明职衔，职衔前不用任何介词。
(Signature)
Tom Jones
Managing Director
ABC Trading Co
签名不注明职衔时，公司名称前应加For，例如：
For ABC Trading Co
(Signature)
Tom Jones
也可以在签名的前面加By，例如：
ABC Trading Co
By (Signature)
Tom Jones
【4】达到
【例】The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.
石油每桶价格又下降了两元。
【5】按……计算
注意by…中有the。
【例】We sell foam rubber by the square foot, by the roll or by the ounce.
我们出售泡沫橡胶是按平方英尺、按卷或按盎司计算的。
【6】by and between由
用于契约中。
【例】Agreement is signed by and between A Company and B Company.
本协议由A公司与B公司所签订。
【7】by and large大体上说来，一般地
【例】The government is satisfied, by and large, with the results of market reforms.
大体上说来，政府对市场改革的效果感到满意。
【8】by now到现在，此刻
【例】By now from our last letter you would have noted with approval our decision to give you every support in your efforts to increase our sales in your country.
我们决定尽力支持你方为增加我方产品在贵国的销售额所做的努力，我们想目前你们已从我们上次去信中得知并给予了认同。
【9】by return立即，尽快
①by return来自过去书信中by return of post。
【例】Please let me have your reply at once –by return of post if possible.
请立即回信，如果可能，请赶上下一班的回邮。
②现在仅用by return。
【例】We trust that you will send us your reply by return.
我们相信，你方能尽快回复。
by-law, bye-law
【1】[BrE]（地方政府制定的）地方法规
【例】The by-law makes it illegal to drink in certain areas.
当地的地方法规规定在特定区域饮酒属于非法。
【例】All large firms have their own by-laws.
所有的大公司都有其自己的内部章程。