Keynote Address at Secretary-General’s High-level Meeting on Financing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

IMF总裁在关于为2030年可持续发展议程融资的联合国秘书长高级别会议上发表的主旨演讲

 

Christine Lagarde, Managing Director, IMF

国际货币基金组织总裁 克里斯蒂娜·拉加德

 

September 24, 2018

2018年9月24日

 

Thank you, Secretary-General Guterres, for convening this important meeting and for so kindly inviting me to address it.

 

感谢您，古特雷斯秘书长，感谢您举办这场重要的会议，还如此盛情地邀请我发言。

 

Thank you for the great work you are doing in supporting the SDGs and in equipping the UN to respond effectively to 21st century challenges. I promise you that you will always have a good friend in the IMF.

 

感谢您为支持实现可持续发展目标以及为增强联合国有效应对21世纪挑战的能力而开展的伟大工作。我向您保证，我将永远是您在基金组织的好朋友。

 

We have just heard some very inspiring words (from the video). This young woman shows why we are here today – to make sure that all girls and all boys have a fair chance to thrive, to flourish, to develop their capacities, no matter who they are and where they are from.

 

刚才，从视频中，我们听到了一些非常鼓舞人心的话。这位青年妇女道出了我们今天齐集于此的原因——确保所有男孩和女孩都能获得公平的机会以茁壮成长、蓬勃发展以及提升能力，而无论他们身份怎样、来自何方。

 

This is the essence of the SDG agenda – a world free of poverty and deprivation; a fairer world; a world that respects the limits of nature.

 

可持续发展议程的精髓就在于此，就在于建设一个消除贫穷和贫困的世界、一个更加公平的世界、一个尊重自然边界的世界。

 

We have witnessed important progress over the past few decades. In Indonesia, for example – where we will shortly hold our Annual Meetings – infant mortality has been halved, maternal mortality is less than a third of what it was, and the risk of falling into extreme poverty is only a tenth of what it used to be.

 

过去几十年间，我们亲眼目睹了所取得的重大进展。比如，印度尼西亚（基金组织即将在那里举行年会）婴儿死亡率减半，孕产妇死亡率下降了不止三分之二，陷入极端贫穷的风险降低至仅为原来的十分之一。

Achievements such as this reflect a combination of important structural reforms that led to robust economic growth, combined with the concerted efforts of the international community – embodied in the Millennium Development Goals.

 

之所以能取得诸如此类的成就，是因为我们综合推行了若干重大的结构改革（这些改革促进实现了强劲的经济增长）以及国际社会团结一致、共同努力——具体体现为千年发展目标。

 

The kind of progress we have seen in Indonesia shows clearly that when we put our minds to it, we can do it. The SDGs provide a clear destination, but without a roadmap for the next twelve years, it will be difficult to succeed.

 

我们所看到的印度尼西亚取得的这种进展充分表明，只要我们用心投入，就能心想事成。可持续发展目标虽然设定了一个清晰的目的，但是却没有为未来12年规划一份路线图，因而难以达成所望。

 

How can the IMF help with this? I would start by saying that, across key dimensions, the SDGs are aligned with the IMF’s mandate for sustainable and inclusive economic growth accompanied by financial stability.

 

基金组织可以如何为之提供协助呢？首先我要指出，就所有重点领域而言，可持续发展目标均与基金组织的任务（即，在维持金融稳定的同时实现可持续和包容性的经济增长）一致。

 

Central to a successful journey to achieve the SDGs in low-income developing countries will be additional spending. Without basic knowledge about the spending requirements, however, we will not know how to get to the destination.

 

低收入发展中国家成功实现可持续发展目标的核心在于额外支出。然而，我们如果对支出需求缺乏基本了解，就会在实现可持续发展目标方面束手无策。

 

The IMF has done some analytical work to see what it would take for low-income developing countries to meet the SDGs. We looked at five areas that are critical for sustainable and inclusive growth – education, health, water and sanitation, roads, and electricity. Countries investing in these sectors will address deficits in human capital and physical infrastructure, which are a drag on their income and future prosperity.

 

基金组织已经开展了一些分析工作，旨在了解低收入发展中国家实现可持续发展目标需要采取的措施。我们分析了对可持续和包容性增长至关重要的五个领域——教育、医疗、用水和环境卫生、道路和电力。国家若是对这些部门进行投资，就能解决人力资本和有形基础设施方面的赤字问题，从而防止其对国家收入和未来繁荣造成拖累。

 

Our main finding is that low-income developing countries need additional annual outlays of 14 percentage points of GDP on average. Across 49 low-income developing countries, additional spending needs amount to about US$520 billion a year – an estimate that is in the same ballpark as that of other institutions. Clearly, significant new spending is needed.

 

我们的主要研究结论是，低收入发展中国家平均每年需要额外支出GDP的14个百分点。49个低收入发展中国家每年需要额外支出的总额约为 5200亿美元——这一估值与其他机构的估值大致相同。显然，还需要新的大额支出。

 

So how can we tackle this immense challenge – one that is essential to the well-being of whole generations?

 

那么，我们该如何应对这个对整整几代人的福祉至关重要的巨大挑战呢？

 

As a necessary first step, low-income developing countries must own the responsibility for achieving the SDGs. Country efforts should focus on strengthening macroeconomic management, enhancing tax capacity, tackling spending inefficiencies, addressing the corruption that undermines inclusive growth, and fostering business environments where the private sector can thrive. The IMF will work closely with its member countries to actively support this reform agenda.

 

作为必不可少的第一步，低收入发展中国家必须担负起实现可持续发展目标的责任。国家工作应当侧重于加强宏观经济管理、增强税收能力、解决支出低效和有损包容性增长的腐败问题，以及营造有利于私人部门繁荣发展的商业环境。基金组织将与成员国紧密合作，积极支持这一改革议程。

 

Countries have substantial scope to raise tax revenues. An ambitious but reasonable target for many countries is to increase their tax ratio by 5 percentage points of GDP. This will require strong administrative and policy reforms, where the IMF and other development partners can play a key supporting role.

 

各国在增加税收收入方面拥有很大空间。对于许多国家而言，一个雄心勃勃的合理目标是将其税收与GDP的比率提高5个百分点。为此，必须实施强有力的行政和政策改革，而基金组织和其他发展伙伴能够在其中发挥关键性的支持作用。

 

Boosting tax revenues by this amount may be sufficient for emerging market economies to achieve the SDGs, but this is not the case for most low-income developing countries.

 

将税收收入增加到这种程度，对新兴市场经济体来说，可能足以实现可持续发展目标，但是对大多数低收入发展中国家来说，这样还不够。

 

For these countries, in addition to using existing resources better, financial support will be needed from bilateral donors, international financial institutions, philanthropists – and from private investors. These investors can make an important contribution in sectors such as infrastructure and clean energy if the required reforms have been put in place to improve the business climate. Encouraging private investment that supports national development is precisely the goal of initiatives such as the Compact with Africa.

 

这些国家除了更好地利用现有资源以外，还需要双边捐助者、国际金融机构、慈善家以及私人投资者提供金融支持。如果推行了必要的改革以改善商业环境，那么这些投资者就可以在基础设施和清洁能源等部门作出重大贡献。鼓励私人投资支持国家发展，这正是“非洲契约”等倡议志在实现的目标。

 

Extra financing can also be obtained from international financial markets and lenders – but borrowing on commercial terms is a double-edged sword if funding is not used for high-return projects. As the IMF has emphasized, debt burdens are rising – forty percent of low-income developing countries are now at high risk of debt distress or in debt distress.

 

此外，还可以从国际金融市场和贷方获取额外融资，但是如果不将资金用于高收益的项目，那么按照商业条件借款就成了一把双刃剑。正如基金组织所强调的那样，债务负担正在不断加重——40%的低收入发展中国家目前正面临着严重的债务危机风险或者正身陷债务危机的窘境。

 

Foreign aid, preferably in the form of grants, remains crucial. Advanced economies can do more, including by moving towards 0.7 percent of gross national income in aid – and they can also better target their aid budgets to support countries most in need of such assistance. Budget conditions are tight in many advanced economies, but the economic returns on well-targeted aid – in terms of poverty reduction, job creation, and improving security and stability – are very high.

 

对外援助（最好是采用赠与的形式）仍然极其重要。发达经济体可以做得更多，包括推进实现将国民收入总额的0.7%用于援助这一目标，它们还可以更有针对性地将其援助预算用于支持最需要此类援助的国家。虽然不少发达经济体存在预算紧张的问题，但是具有明确针对性的援助将带来非常高的经济收益（从减少贫穷、创造就业以及增强安全和稳定的角度而言）。

 

The bottom line is that mobilizing financing on this scale will require a strong partnership among all stakeholders – and partnership is one of the key pillars of the SDGs. It will require a sense of co-responsibility for the common good.

 

至为关键的是，调动如此规模的融资需要全体利益相关方建立强有力的伙伴关系——伙伴关系也是可持续发展目标的重要支柱之一。它要求树立为公众谋利的共同责任感。

 

Yet, the challenge goes beyond spending needs.

 

然而，挑战不止是支出需求。

 

An important aspect of the broader challenge is the environment in which countries seek to generate and sustain stable growth. This requires a variety of global public goods including geo-political stability, open trade, and climate initiatives, as well as good governance, which depends on tackling both the supply and demand elements of corruption. These important foundations for development underscore the need for joint action by all stakeholders for the SDGs to be realized.

 

更大范围挑战的一个重点是各国赖以寻求形成并维持稳定经济增长的环境。这需要各种各样的全球公共产品，包括：地缘政治稳定、开放贸易和气候倡议，以及良好的治理（取决于消除腐败的供求因素的情况）。这些都是发展的重要基础，凸显了所有利益相关方采取联合行动以实现可持续发展目标的必要性。

 

Ultimately, this is about giving today’s young people wherever born a fair start. This is a common challenge linked to our common fate.

 

说到底，开展这些工作的目的是给当今的青年人提供一个公平的起点，无论他们出生在何处。这是一项关乎我们共同命运的共同挑战。

 

I hope that we can emerge from our meeting today with creative solutions, a clearer roadmap, and a renewed commitment to the global common good – which of course is why the IMF and the UN were founded in the first place.

 

我希望我们能够在今天的会议中提出若干创造性的解决方案，拟定一份更清晰的路线图，并对全球共同利益作出新的承诺——当然，这也是基金组织和联合国创建的初衷。

 

Thank you very much.

 

谢谢大家。 

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